We sought to elucidate the role of migratory birds in transmission of H5N1 in an enzoonotic area. Resident, captive, and migratory birds were sampled at five sites in Java, Indonesia. Mist nets were used to trap birds. Birds were identified to species. RNA was extracted from swabs and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) conducted for the HA and M genes of H5N1. Antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition test. Between October 2006 and September 2007, a total of 4,067 captive, resident, and migratory birds comprising 98 species in 23 genera were sampled. The most commonly collected birds were the common sandpiper (6% of total), striated heron (3%), and the domestic chicken (14%). The overall prevalence of H5N1 antibodies was 5.3%. A significantly higher percentage of captive birds (16.1%) showed antibody evidence of H5N1 exposure when compared to migratory or resident birds. The greatest number of seropositive birds in each category were Muschovy duck (captive), striated heron (resident), and the Pacific golden plover (migratory). Seven apparently well captive birds yielded molecular evidence of H5N1 infection. Following amplification, the HA, NA, and M genes were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene showed that the isolates were 97% similar to EU124153.1 A/chicken/West Java/Garut May 2006, an isolate obtained in a similar region of West Java. While no known markers of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance were found within the NA gene, M segment analysis revealed the V27A mutation known to confer resistance to adamantanes. Our results demonstrate moderate serologic evidence of H5N1 infection in captive birds, sampled in five sites in Java, Indonesia, but only occasional infection in resident and migratory birds. These data imply that in an enzoonotic region of Indonesia the role of migratory birds in transmission of H5N1 is limited.
Ectoparasites were sampled from small mammals collected in West Java, West Sumatra, North Sulawesi, and East Kalimantan, Indonesia, in 2007-2008 and were screened for evidence of infection from bacteria in the Rickettsaceae family. During eight trap nights at eight sites, 208 fleas were collected from 96 of 507 small mammals trapped from four orders (379 Rodentia; 123 Soricomorpha; two Carnivora; three Scandentia). Two species of fleas were collected: Xenopsylla cheopis (n = 204) and Nosopsyllus spp. (n = 4). Among the 208 fleas collected, 171 X. cheopis were removed from rats (Rattus spp.) and 33 X. cheopis from shrews (Suncus murinus). X. cheopis were pooled and tested for DNA from rickettsial agents Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia felis, and spotted fever group rickettsiae. R. typhi, the agent of murine typhus, was detected in X. cheopis collected from small mammals in West Java and East Kalimantan. R. felis was detected in X. cheopis collected from small mammals in Manado, North Sulawesi. R. felis and spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected in a pool of X. cheopis collected from an animal in East Kalimantan. Sixteen percent of the X. cheopis pools were found positive for Rickettsia spp.; four (10.8%) R. typhi, one (2.7%) R. felis, and one (2.7%) codetection of R. felis and a spotted fever group rickettsia. These data suggest that rickettsial infections remain a threat to human health across Indonesia.
To expand the documentation of rickettsioses in Indonesia, we conducted an ectoparasite and small mammal investigation involving four major islands: Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan. Coastal and highland regions on each island surveyed were chosen to represent different ecologies in Indonesia. Indication of the presence of Rickettsia spp. was evident in all areas sampled. Typhus group rickettsiae-specific antibodies had significantly higher prevalence among small mammals captured in Java compared to the other islands surveyed (78% in coastal and 50% in highland regions) and the prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae-specific antibodies was significantly higher in Kalimantan than the other islands investigated. Hosts and vectors were restricted by Rickettsia spp. but not by coastal or highland regions. Our findings expand the range in which rickettsial pathogens have been documented within the Indonesian archipelago and point to a significant risk to human health.
ABSTRACT In this study, a commercial product of natural silicates and yeast (NSY) and saponins from Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria plants (SBP) were used to evaluate their nutritional effects on growth and health status of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Four isonitrogenous and iso-lipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain 0%, 0.3% NSY, 0.2% SBP and 0.6% NSY. After 60 days, shrimp were sampled and standard haemato-immunological parameters were measured. The growth performances of shrimp were significantly affected by the dietary inclusion of NSY and SBP, whereas the inclusion of NSY and SBP provide a better growth compared to the control group. Additionally, the inclusion of NSY and SBP significantly enhance the total haemocytes count and lysozyme activity in shrimp compared to control. Therefore, NSY and SBP can be regarded as the functional ingredients in shrimp diet to improve the growth and non-specific immune function of shrimp.Keywords: Silicates and yeast, saponins, growth, health status, shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei ABSTRAK Pada kajian ini, produk komersial yang berbasiskan kepada komponen alamiah silikat dan ragi (NSY) dan saponins yang berasal dari tumbuhan Yucca schidigera dan Quillaja saponaria (SBP) digunakan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruhu nutrisi yang dimiliki terhadap pertumbuhan dan status kesehatan dari udang putih Litopenaeus vannamei. Empat pakan yang bersifat iso-nitrogen dan iso-lipid diformulasikan dengan perlakuan 0%, 0.3% NSY, 0.2% SBP and 0.6% NSY. Setelah 60 hari, udang kemudian diambil sampelnya dan protokol standard untuk uji hemato-immunologi dilakukan. Laju pertumbuhan udang secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan NSY dan SBP, dimana inklusi NSY dan SBP memberikan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik dibandingkan kontrol. Selain itu, penggunaan NSY dan SBP secara signifikan meningkatkan jumlah total hemosit dan aktivitas lisozim pada udang perlakuan dibandingkan kontrol. Oleh karena itu, NSY dan SBP dapat digolongkan sebagai bahan baku fungsional pada pakan udang untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan fungsi imun non-spesifik pada udangKata kunci: Silikat dan ragi, saponins, laju pertumbuhan, status kesehatan, udang Litopenaeus vannamei
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