The ever-growing interest for organoselenium compounds amongst the chemists has made commendable impact in the field of medicinal chemistry, material chemistry, chemical biology and biochemistry. Researchers have progressively contributed in the development of organoselenium compounds over the years which has been periodically reviewed. On the similar note, this review attempts at providing an overview of the recent advances made in organoselenium chemistry while covering their catalytic indulgence in different transformational approaches, their role in asymmetric synthesis, and synthetic approaches steering their synthesis. These approaches encompass selenofunctionalization and/or cyclization, electrochemical selenylation, bromolactonization, [2,3]-or [1,2]-sigmatropic rearrangement reactions among others. Herein, we have focused on the synthetic approaches developed for the past three years that have not been covered in previously reviewed scientific material. With the knowledge of the recent progress covered, this review could contribute towards future development of organoselenium compounds along with the improvement of the current status.

A novel series of indolyl oxoacetamide-quinazolinone hybrid analogues (9aa-9df) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro Pancreatic Lipase (PL) inhibitory potential that may lead to efficient anti-obesity agents....

We represent here, a divergent approach for the total synthesis of (�)-Mahanine and twelve other naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids. Remarkably, we have utilized a simplified scalable Suzuki coupling for CÀ C bond formation and a metal-free CÀ N coupling sequence to synthesize the functionalized carbazole scaffold from a single intermediate. Subsequently, either functional group manipulations or late-stage pyran ring annulation furnished a library of 13 carbazole alkaloids mostly isolated from a traditional medicinal plant Murraya koenigii. The construction of carbazole moiety at the initial-stage followed by late-stage pyran annulation under mild condition overcomes the decomposition problem of pyran-ring under acidic or other harsh reaction conditions.

An unprecedented allyl migration from a remote position of a quinazoline moiety through a ruthenium(II) shuttle is reported. This present cascade reaction is initiated through the formation of an η3-ruthenium–allyl complex followed by C–H allylation at the ortho position of the 2-aryl moiety. Finally, hydroamination with the quinazolinone -NH group, which is formed through tautomerization of the quinazoline, furnishes the annulation product. This exceedingly fast cascade reaction is complete within 10 minutes to provide rutaecarpine analogues in a single operation.

The decoction of the whole plant of Enhydra fluctuans is used ethno medicinally by various tribes for the treatment of kidney stones and urinary problems. However, no scientific studies were carried out to delineate its influence on urinary stone formation and crystallisation. Hence, the present study is proposed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Enhydra fluctuans extract on in vitro crystallisation of calcium oxalate. The present study also evaluated. in silico studies of the metabolites with the target proteins present in the renal calcium oxalate stone matrix. The plant material was subjected to decoction to obtain an aqueous extract. The effect of the extract on calcium oxalate crystallization was evaluated by in vitro nucleation and aggregation assays. Further, the metabolites present in E. fluctuans were mined from the existing literature and their number was found to be 35. The selected 35 metabolites of E. fluctuans were subjected to molecular docking with the 5 proteins which are known to be responsible for calcium oxalate crystal growth. Results of in vitro studies indicated that the extract (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) and standard drug cystone (1,000 μg/mL) exhibited an inhibitory role in the nucleation process where the percentage inhibitions were 52.69, 43.47, 21.98, and 31.67 μg/mL respectively. The results of molecular docking studies revealed that 2 out of 35 metabolites i.e. Baicalein-7-O-diglucoside and 4′,5,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy isoflavone-7-O-beta-D- galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)- O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside showed modulatory effects on the four renal stone matrix-associated protein (Human CTP: Phosphoethanolamine Cytidylyltransferase (Protein Data Bank ID: 3ELB), UDP glucose: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 2 (Gene: UGGT2) (AlphaFold) and RIMS-binding protein 3A (Gene: RIMBP3) (AlphaFold), and Ras GTPase activating-like protein (PDB: 3FAY) based on their docking scores which indicates that they may inhibit the crystallization process. Findings from this study show that Enhydra fluctuans may be effective in the prevention of the crystallization of calcium oxalate. However, further, in vivo studies as well as molecular studies are needed to be conducted to confirm and strengthen its anti-urolithiatic activity and to elucidate the possible mechanism of action involved therein.

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The endocannabinoid system consists of several phytocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and enzymes that aid in numerous steps necessary to manifest any pharmacological activity. It is well known that the endocannabinoid system inhibits the pathogenesis of the inflammatory and autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To the best of our knowledge, no research has been done that explains the network-pharmacology-based anti-rheumatic processes by focusing on the endocannabinoid system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to further our understanding of the signaling pathways, associated proteins, and genes underlying RA based on the abundant natural endocannabinoids. The knowledge on how the phytocannabinoids in Cannabis sativa affect the endocannabinoid system was gathered from the literature. SwissTarget prediction and BindingDB databases were used to anticipate the targets for the phytocannabinoids. The genes related to RA were retrieved from the DisGeNET and GeneCards databases. Protein–protein interactions (high confidence > 0.7) were carried out with the aid of the string web server and displayed using Cytoscape. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathway analysis was used to perform enrichment analyses on the endocannabinoid–RA common targets. ShinyGO 0.76 was used to predict the biological processes listed in the Gene Ontology (GO) classification system. The binding affinity between the ligand and the receptors was precisely understood using molecular docking, induced-fit docking, and a molecular dynamics simulation. The network pharmacology analyses predicted that processes like response to oxygen-containing compounds and peptodyl-amino acid modification are related to the potential mechanisms of treatment for RA. These biological actions are coordinated by cancer, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, lipids and atherosclerosis, the calcium signaling pathway, and the Rap1 signaling pathway. According to the results of molecular docking, in the context of RA, phytocannabinoids may bind to important target proteins such PIK3CA, AKT1, MAPK9, PRKCD, BRAF, IGF1R, and NOS3. This entire study predicted the phytocannabinoids’ systemic biological characteristics. Future experimental research is needed, however, to confirm the results so far.

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