The adsorption of Eurozol Navy Blue (ENB) reactive dye was examined using banana peel and sugarcane bagasse powders. Several parameters such as pH, contact time, agitation speed, temperature, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dosage were considered and their impact on dye adsorption efficiency was evaluated. The removal percentages of ENB dye due to adsorption on banana peel and sugarcane bagasse were 72% and 70%, respectively. Simultaneous dosing of both biosorbents resulted in 68% dye removal. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to fit the adsorption of ENB dye on banana peel and sugarcane bagasse powders. The corresponding maximum adsorption capacities were equal to 24.09, 32.46, and 27.54 mg/g for banana peel powder, sugarcane bagasse powder, and the mixture of adsorbents, respectively.
THE EFFECT OF NITRATE ON FLUORIDE REMOVAL BY BATCH ELECTRODIALYSIS Fluoride and nitrate are common pollutants in drinking water and their presence deteriorates the quality of drinking water. According to WHO guidelines, the fluoride content in drinking water cannot be higher than 1.5 mg F-/dm 3. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the efficiency of fluoride removal from model aqueous solutions under the presence of nitrate. The experiments were conducted with the use of laboratory installation PCCell BED-1 System at a constant current density (0.78, 1.72, and 2.34 mA/cm 2) with the use of monovalent selective ion-exchange membranes. The influence of initial nitrate concentration (15, 30, 45 mg NO3-/dm 3) and initial fluoride concentration (5, 10, 15 mg F-/dm 3) on the process performance was studied. The degree of desalination varied from 85 to 91.7% depending on the solution composition and the applied current density, whereas the fluoride removal was in the range of 70-90%. The presence of coexisting NO3 ions in fluoride solutions improved process efficiency in view of fluoride removal by batch electrodialysis.
The effect of mineral salt on the reactive dye removal was evaluated by using flat ultrafiltration (UF) membranes made of polyethersulfone (PES) and regenerated cellulose (C). Five reactive dyes varied in molecular weight (Reactive Orange 16, Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Reactive Orange 20, Reactive Black 5, Reactive Read 120) were used in the UF experiments. The applied membranes were characterized by the cut-off value equal to 10 kDa. The ultrafiltration process was performed in a dead-end mode under the transmembrane pressure of 0.2 MPa. Dye concentration in model solutions was equal to 100 mg/dm 3 . Two various mineral salts (NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 ) were chosen to simulate the composition of dye-house baths. The concentration of monovalent and divalent salt in model dye solutions amounted to 1-2 g/dm 3 . Transport and separation properties of the UF membranes towards reactive dyes and mineral salts were evaluated. It was found that the separation efficiency of all tested dyes was dependent on the mineral salt presence. The effect of mineral salt on dye retention was more pronounced for membrane made of regenerated cellulose (C) than for polyethersulfone membrane (PES). In the case of the C membrane the dye retention coefficients varied in the wide range -from 55 to 83%, whereas for PES membrane the degree of dye separation was less diverse and amounted to 81-96%. The presence of mineral salt in water and dye solutions generally worsen the membrane permeability due to osmotic pressure increase as well as enhancing adsorptive fouling of dye particles in membrane matrix.
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