Objective This study aimed to evaluate the proportion of patients with seizures and electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and its most common subtypes. Methods This systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) standards and was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). We searched Medline All, Embase, and PsychINFO in Ovid from inception to June 2019 for articles pertaining to AE and seizure. Included studies reported seizure and/or EEG data in cohorts of ≥10 AE patients. Patient demographics, antibody type, seizure incidence, and EEG findings were extracted. Review of studies and data extraction were performed in duplicate. In addition to descriptive analysis, quantitative synthesis stratified by autoantibody subtype was performed with logistic regression and chi‐square analyses. Results Our search yielded 3856 abstracts: 1616 were selected for full‐text review and 118 studies met eligibility criteria. Of 3722 antibody‐positive AE patients, 2601 (69.9%) had clinical seizures during the course of their illness. Of the 2025 patients with antibody‐positive AE and available EEG data, 1718 (84.8%) had some EEG abnormality (eg, epileptiform discharges, slowing, and so on). Anti‐ N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis (anti‐NMDARE) was the most commonly reported type of AE (1985/3722, 53.3%). Of the anti‐NMDARE patients with available seizure or EEG data, 71.8% (n = 1425/1985) had clinical seizures during their illness, and 89.7% (n = 1172/1306) had EEG abnormalities. For all AE patients and in the anti‐NMDARE subpopulation, seizures were more common in younger patients (p < .05). Significance This systematic review provides an estimate of the proportion of AE patients with seizures, confirming the magnitude of seizure burden in this population. Prospective studies are needed to understand population‐based prevalence of seizures, identify factors associated with seizures, and evaluate particular EEG findings as biomarkers of seizures and outcomes in AE.

In yeast, actin cables are F-actin bundles that are essential for cell division through their function as tracks for cargo movement from mother to daughter cell. Actin cables also affect yeast lifespan by promoting transport and inheritance of higher-functioning mitochondria to daughter cells. Here, we report that actin cable stability declines with age. Our genome-wide screen for genes that affect actin cable stability identified the open reading frame YKL075C. Deletion of YKL075C results in increases in actin cable stability and abundance, mitochondrial fitness, and replicative lifespan. Transcriptome analysis revealed a role for YKL075C in regulating branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. Consistent with this, modulation of BCAA metabolism or decreasing leucine levels promotes actin cable stability and function in mitochondrial quality control. Our studies support a role for actin stability in yeast lifespan, and demonstrate that this process is controlled by BCAA and a previously uncharacterized ORF YKL075C, which we refer to as actin, aging and nutrient modulator protein 1 (AAN1).

In yeast, actin cables are F-actin bundles that are essential for cell division through their function as tracks for cargo movement from mother to daughter cell. Actin cables also affect yeast lifespan by promoting transport and inheritance of higher-functioning mitochondria to daughter cells. Here, we report that actin cable stability declines with age. Our genome-wide screen for genes that affect actin cable stability identified the open reading frame YKL075C. Deletion of YKL075C results in increases in actin cable stability and abundance, mitochondrial fitness, and replicative lifespan. Transcriptome analysis revealed a role for YKL075C in regulating branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. Consistent with this, modulation of BCAA metabolism or decreasing leucine levels promotes actin cable stability and function in mitochondrial quality control. Our studies support a role for actin stability in yeast lifespan, and demonstrate that this process is controlled by BCAA and a previously uncharacterized ORF YKL075C, which we refer to as actin, aging and nutrient modulator protein 1 (AAN1).

Purpose: Soft drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) aka reticular macular disease (RMD) characterize two pathways to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We propose these pathways are distinct diseases, with distinct genetic risks, serum risks and associated systemic diseases. Methods: 126 Subjects with AMD had: retinal imaging for RMD status, serum risks, genetic testing, and histories of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke. Results: 62 subjects had RMD, 64 were nonRMD (drusen only), 51 had CVD or Stroke. RMD correlated significantly with: ARMS2 risk allele (p= 0.019); lower mean serum HDL (61 vs. 69 mg/dl, p= 0.038, t test); CVD and troke (34/51 RMD, p= 0.001). NonRMD correlated/trended with: APOE2 (p= 0.032) and CETP (p= 0.072) risk alleles. 97 subjects total had some drusen, which correlated with CFH risk (p= 0.016). Multivariate independent risks for RMD were: CVD and Stroke (p= 0.008), and ARMS2 homozygous risk (p= 0.038). Conclusion: The RMD and soft drusen AMD pathways have distinct systemic associations, serum and genetic risks. RMD is associated with CVD and stroke, ARMS2 risk, and lower HDL; drusen with CFH risk and two lipid risk genes. These pathways appear to be distinct diseases leading to advanced AMD.

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Purpose: Soft drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs) characterize two pathways to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD), with distinct genetic risks, serum risks, and associated systemic diseases.Methods: One hundred and twenty-six subjects with AMD were classified as SDD (with or without soft drusen) or non-SDD (drusen only) by retinal imaging, with serum risks, genetic testing, and histories of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke.Results: There were 62 subjects with SDD and 64 non-SDD subjects, of whom 51 had CVD or stroke. SDD correlated significantly with lower mean serum high-density lipoprotein (61 ± 18 vs. 69 ± 22 mg/dL, P = 0.038, t-test), CVD and stroke (34 of 51 SDD, P = 0.001, chi square), ARMS2 risk allele (P = 0.019, chi square), but not with CFH risk allele (P = 0.66). Non-SDD (drusen only) correlated/trended with APOE2 (P = 0.032) and CETP (P = 0.072) risk alleles (chi square). Multivariate independent risks for SDD were CVD and stroke (P = 0.008) and ARMS2 homozygous risk (P = 0.038).Conclusion: Subjects with subretinal drusenoid deposits and non-SDD subjects have distinct systemic associations and serum and genetic risks. Subretinal drusenoid deposits are associated with CVD and stroke, ARMS2 risk, and lower high-density lipoprotein; non-SDDs are associated with higher high-density lipoprotein, CFH risk, and two lipid risk genes. These and other distinct associations suggest that these lesions are markers for distinct diseases.

Importance Constipation is common after pelvic surgery, and studies suggest that surgeons underestimate the negative impact of constipation on patients. Patients undergoing pelvic reconstructive surgery are a unique population requiring special consideration in the prevention and management of constipation. Objective This study aimed to systematically review the literature to identify evidence for prevention of postoperative constipation with medications or fiber in patients undergoing reconstructive pelvic surgery. Study Design A structured literature search was performed of five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library) from inception to June 2022 for studies of postoperative laxative or fiber use in adult patients undergoing benign pelvic reconstructive surgery. Studies of preoperative bowel preparation and nonsurgical patients were excluded. Data on postoperative constipation were extracted for a qualitative analysis of the literature. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology was applied to assess the quality of evidence. Results We identified 86 references after deduplication. Only 4 studies with a total of 344 patients were eligible for inclusion in the review. The included studies were all randomized controlled trials assessing time to first bowel movement with the earliest published in 2010. Laxative use decreased constipation more than placebo. Multiple-agent laxative use appeared to decrease bothersome constipation more than single-agent docusate. Preoperative fiber did not decrease constipation. By Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, all four studies provide moderate-quality evidence. Conclusions Few studies have investigated laxative regimens in patients after urogynecologic surgery. The available literature is moderate quality and suggests benefit of multiple-agent treatment over docusate only or no treatment.