Maternal and paternal country of origin influences stillbirth risk. Foreign-born couples, especially those originating from a country with a high stillbirth rate, are at greater risk. Attention should focus on identifying genetic and environmental risk factors for stillbirth among specific immigrant groups, including developing prevention strategies for high-risk couples.

Among the Punjabi and Hindi women with two previous daughters, longer duration of residence did not attenuate son-biased M:F ratios at the third birth. Gender equity promotion may focus on Punjabi- and Hindi-speaking Indian immigrant women regardless of how long they have lived in Canada.

No abstract