The S1P1 receptor is the target of
four marketed drugs for the
treatment of multiple sclerosis and ulcerative colitis. Targeting
an S1P exporter, specifically Spns2, that is “upstream”
of S1P receptor engagement is an alternate strategy that might recapitulate
the efficacy of S1P receptor modulators without cardiac toxicity.
We recently reported the first Spns2 inhibitor SLF1081851 (16d) that has modest potency with in vivo activity. To develop more potent compounds, we initiated a structure–activity
relationship study that identified 2-aminobenzoxazole as a viable
scaffold. Our studies revealed SLB1122168 (33p), which is a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 94 ± 6 nM)
of Spns2-mediated S1P release. Administration of 33p to
mice and rats resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in circulating
lymphocytes, a pharmacodynamic indication of Spns2 inhibition. 33p provides a valuable tool compound to explore both the
therapeutic potential of targeting Spns2 and the physiologic consequences
of selective S1P export inhibition.
Small-molecule mitochondrial uncouplers are gaining recognition
as potential therapeutics for metabolic diseases such as obesity,
diabetes, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Specifically, heterocycles
derived from BAM15, a potent and mitochondria-selective uncoupler,
have yielded promising preclinical candidates that are efficacious
in animal models of obesity and NASH. In this study, we report the
structure–activity relationship studies of 6-amino-[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ol derivatives. Using oxygen consumption rate
as a readout of mitochondrial uncoupling, we established 5-hydroxyoxadiazolopyridines
as mild uncouplers. In particular, SHM115, which contains
a pentafluoro aniline, had an EC50 value of 17 μM
and exhibited 75% oral bioavailability. SHM115 treatment
increased the energy expenditure and lowered the body fat mass in
two diet-induced obesity mouse models, including an obesity prevention
model and an obesity reversal model. Taken together, our findings
demonstrate the therapeutic potential of mild mitochondrial uncouplers
for the prevention of diet-induced obesity.
A facile method to access (Z)-1,3-enynes is realized via sequential copper-catalyzed regio-and stereoselective borylation−protodeboronation of 1,3-diynes. Pinacolborane, copper(II) acetate, and Xantphos as the ligand efficiently install hydrogen and Bpin in a cis fashion, which is followed by rapid hydrolysis with water. The reaction has wide substrate scope and occurs in a chemoselective fashion.
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