Natural fibers contained in bamboo are beneficial to renewable, biodegradable, abundant availability, and cheap which could be a potential substitute of synthetic materials. Tensile strength of this material is important requirements in various structural application. In this research, fiber fabrication process optimization of three types of local bamboo namely Gombong (Gigantochloapseudoarundinacea), HaurHejo (Bambusatuldoides), and Tali (Gigantochloa apus) was investigated. These fibers were processed by creating a variety of the NaOH concentrations of 4 % and 6 %, immersion times of 1, 2, and 3 hours, and immersion temperatures of 25 °C and 60 °C. The process parameters and its level variations of bamboo fiber fabrication were optimized using Taguchi method. Then the contribution of each process parameter was observed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). From Taguchi method, the optimal parameter for highest tensile strength was obtained from Tali bamboo, indicated by 4 % NaOH, 2 hours immersion time, and 60 °C immersion temperature. Meanwhile, the ANOVA revealed that the contributions for each parameter are 70 % for bamboo type, 7 % for NaOH concentration, 4 % for immersion time, and 17 % for immersion temperature with error contribution of 2 %. By using these data, it could be concluded that bamboo type selection is a critical parameter to obtain bamboo with high tensile strength. While NaOH concentration, immersion time, and immersion temperature are not critical parameters which gave flexibility in the selection process. FTIR analysis was carried in order to observe chemical bonding in bamboos. The results of FTIR on the bamboo fibers were indicated Tali bamboo has larger lignin levels decreasing than HaurHejo and Gombong, this indicates in higher tensile strength for Tali bamboo fiber.
This paper investigates a tensile strength and microstructure characterization of Gnetum gnemon as a newly proposed eco-friendly natural fiber for composites reinforcement. Natural fibers have recently become attractive to researchers, engineers and scientists as an alternative reinforcement for composites. It has relatively low cost, renewable (easily available), and biodegradable. The production system requires simple and energy-efficient equipment and can be exploited as a replacement for the conventional fiber, such as Kevlar for personnel protection. The strength of Gnetum gnemon was found to be comparable with existing new composites. The form of fiber was found to be depended on the lignin, hemicellulose, benzene, and other impurities, thus made it larger and not uniform. These results show great potential as a competitor to the predecessor natural fibers used in composite materials of armor materials, if given special chemical treatment to increase their initial mechanical properties.
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