Background: There is an important gap between the implications of clinical research evidence and the routine clinical practice of healthcare professionals. Because individual decisions are often central to adoption of a clinical-related behaviour, more information about the cognitive mechanisms underlying behaviours is needed to improve behaviour change interventions targeting healthcare professionals. The aim of this study was to systematically review the published scientific literature about factors influencing health professionals' behaviours based on social cognitive theories. These theories refer to theories where individual cognitions/thoughts are viewed as processes intervening between observable stimuli and responses in real world situations.

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In summary, the results of this study support the idea that distinct promotion strategies should be adopted to increase repeated blood donation among experienced versus new donors.

Background The impact that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–related early lockdown has had on dietary habits of the population and on food insecurity is unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to document the change in diet quality and in food insecurity observed during the COVID-19–related early lockdown. We hypothesized that the lockdown was associated with a deterioration in overall diet quality and an increase in food insecurity. Methods Data are from a COVID-19 subsample of NutriQuébec, a web-based cohort destined to study temporal changes in dietary habits among adults in Quebec, Canada. Participants completed questionnaires before (between June 2019 and February 2020) and during (April to May 2020) early lockdown, including a validated web-based 24-h recall ( n = 853) and a questionnaire on food security ( n = 922). Primary study outcomes were temporal changes in diet quality measured by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)–2015 and in the prevalence of food insecurity. Results There was a small increase in the HEI-2015 during the COVID-19 early lockdown compared with baseline (+1.1 points; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.5), mostly due to small improvements in the intakes of whole grains, greens and beans, refined grains, total vegetables, total dairy, seafood and plant proteins, added sugar, and total protein subscores of the HEI-2015. Exploratory analyses suggested that individuals aged 18–29 y (+3.6 points; 95% CI: 2.4, 4.7), participants with lower education (+1.9 points; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.6), or with obesity (+3.8 points; 95% CI: 2.7, 4.8) showed particularly important increases in the HEI-2015. The prevalence of food insecurity was reduced from 3.8% at baseline to 1.0% during the early lockdown (prevalence ratio = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.94). Conclusions Contrary to our hypotheses, diet quality has slightly improved and prevalence of food insecurity was reduced in this sample of adults from Quebec during the COVID-19–related early lockdown. These results may be generalizable only to relatively healthy populations.

School-based interventions show promising results to reduce SSB consumption among adolescents. A number of recommendations are made to improve future studies.

Questions about implementation intentions but not behavioral intentions promote retention of novice blood donors.

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It has been suggested that, after a passive linear acceleration of a seated subject which resembles a small, rear-end car impact, sensory information from proprioceptive, vestibular, and visual systems elicit stabilizing neck muscular responses. These neck muscular responses are presumably reflex based and are modified with the magnitude of the perturbation. A key issue that remains is to determine whether the neck and head postural responses can be modulated by a previous experience of the acceleration and not only by the magnitude of the acceleration. This question is of interest because, contrary to cadaver studies, one could expect that humans apprehending a rapid trunk acceleration would adopt a bracing behavior to minimize head movements. The aim of the present experiment was to verify whether neck-muscle activities can be modulated when prior knowledge about whole-body acceleration onset, direction, and magnitude are unknown compared with when only acceleration onset is unknown. Nine seated subjects were submitted to 11 imposed, forward linear accelerations (1.1 g). For the first trial, subjects were completely unaware of the platform acceleration characteristics (onset, direction, amplitude, and acceleration magnitude). For the subsequent ten trials, subjects knew they would be submitted to a forward linear acceleration, but the onset of the acceleration was unknown. Head kinematics and EMG responses of the neck muscles to the first perturbation were similar for all subjects (6.2 degrees head extension, EMG activity starting from 55 to 72 ms after platform onset). Following the first trial, however, all subjects showed a decreased neck EMG activity. Moreover, subjects responded in one of two ways across trials: one group of subjects ( n=5) maintained a constant head angular position and velocity, whereas the other group ( n=4) showed an increased head angular position (up to 12.6 degrees ) and velocity. This suggests that the first perturbation trial revealed a completely reactive response. After this initial trial, the responses observed may present a mixture of feedforward and feedback control. It is likely that whiplash injuries occur under conditions resembling those observed for the first trial only. If this is the case, the behavior for the following trials cannot be representative of injury mechanisms occurring in whiplash-like motion. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that, following repeated trunk linear accelerations of a constant magnitude, the nervous system prefers to minimize muscle stress instead of adopting a bracing strategy.