Indonesian government needs a well-built, easy to operate unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to perform various civilian missions as UAS are a well-known platform for dirty, dull, and dangerous missions. Hence, the Indonesian government has an organization that performs research and development of UAS, named as Aeronautic Technology Center. This organization is placed underneath Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space. The UAS developments in this institute are primarily driven by civilian uses; therefore, the UAS size, sensor types, and mission payload are optimized for civilian missions. In order to produce the decent to the best quality of the aerial image, which is the essential product for various civilian missions, the UAS regularly flies under the cloud.For this reason, the Aeronautic Technology Center is only developing the LASE (low altitude, short-endurance) and the LALE (low altitude, long endurance) UAS type as of now. The UAS development was begun with LSU-01, followed by LSU-02, LSU-03, and LSU-05. The LSU-01, LSU-02, and LSU-03 are in the operational phase, while the LSU-05 is in the experimental Phase. In this chapter, the specification of the platforms and the sensor capabilities that are relevant with the demands of users in the civilian sector are described.
The Aeronautics Technology Center of LAPAN develops a maritime surveillance system (MSS) based on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) application, specifically to support the handling of illegal fishing vessels. This article discusses video payload testing. The test was carried out in the coastal area, Pamengpeuk, Garut, Indonesia on August 31, 2019. This place was chosen to simulate conditions with wind speeds that are similar to operating conditions in the marine environment during the actual implementation of the operation. The payload used has a video recording feature with the ability to zoom-in, zoom-out and locking-target-positions. UAVs fly loiter at an altitude of 300 m - 500 m above sea level while doing video recording and transmitted in real time to the Ground Control Station (GCS). The test results show the payload shows the zoom-in, zoom-out and locking target position features can operate properly. This feature is very useful to meet the needs of illegal fishing operations in the maritime survey system.
In carrying out its mission, LAPAN Surveillance UAV version 2 (LSU-02) was equipped with a camera payload sensor mounted on a gimbal system. When taking upright aerial photos according to photogrammetric requirements, the axis of the aerial camera must be aligned with the direction of gravity with a slope tolerance less than 3 degrees (<3°), so that the shooting results meet the map to the desired standard. The camera payload was equipped with a 3-axis gimbal system which pitch and roll directions installed by the gyro sensor to measure the camera's tilt angle. Gimbal camera payload with dimensions (160×170×155) mm are designed to be installed on a casing (190×190×180) mm according to the available space in the LSU-02 payload space, which was the length x width x height (190×190×180) mm. Testing was done by flying LSU-02 on Rumpin and Pamengpeuk runway. From the test results, it was obtained the deviation of roll and pitch angle less than 3degree, which the gimbal angle oscillation when the payload camera shooting was only ± 1 degree with the respon time until it reaches a stable condition of approximately 35 to 55 seconds, and the offset value for roll and pitch approximately -1 degree, which it has met the standard for making aerial photo maps according to photogrammetric requirements.
The LSU-02 is one of the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) developed by LAPAN (now BRIN). It has a good endurance and flight range, i.e., it can fly for four hours and up to 200 km. However, the UAV needs a good and long runway to do the takeoff and landing operations. In real missions, sometimes it is hard to find the proper runway. Therefore, a method for taking-off without a runway, namely using a launcher, is required. The two most frequently used launcher systems are pneumatic launcher and bungee cord launcher. However, based on our experience using the launcher for LSU-03 UAV, a pneumatic launcher is considered less practical due to its complex and heavy construction. For the LSU-02 to be able to carry out missions in remote areas, a simpler and lightweight launcher is needed. Therefore the bungee cord-based launcher was chosen. The initial requirement for the launcher is that the launcher should able to push the LSU-02 with a maximum takeoff mass of 15 kg put on a 7 kg cradle (total mass 22 kg) and reach the launch speed of 15.2 m/s at the end of launching track. The simulation result shows that the launcher needs a time of 0.28 s to achieve a velocity of 15.2 m/s. Meanwhile, in 0.28 s, the UAV travel distance is 2.55 m. This is the minimum effective length required by the launcher. The real launcher was built with an effective length of 2.7 m. The launcher was tested for launching the LSU-02 with the UAV takeoff mass of 14.4 kg and the cradle mass of 7.5 kg (total of 21.9 kg). It was able to successfully launch the LSU-02 in 0.27 s with a travel distance on the launching rail of 2.5 m. Keywords: Bungee cord, Design, Launcher, LSU-02, Testing, UAV
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