<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Maps is a valuable tool for the geographer to do geographical research. One of the maps’ layer is geographical names. Geographical names belong to the cultural heritage and could help identify the development of human’s civilization. The boundaries that spread throughout a region have the characteristic of constraining both juridically and legally-formal up to its social aspects. However, the regional borders that have previously been determined are now open to modifications over time. The objectives of this research are : 1) analyse the multitemporal maps as the source of geographical names dynamic inside an area; 2) interpret data of dynamic geographical names obtained to be the basis of regional boundaries alteration. The historical map collection of the Royal Tropical Institute in the Library of Map Leiden University (Maps of Magelang from 1855, 1915, 1938, 1940), the topographic map of the U.S. Army Map Service (AMS) (printed in 1945), the Indonesian official topographic maps (Peta Rupabumi Indonesia-RBI) dated 2001, the Google Maps 2018, and the OpenStreetMaps 2018 are altogether utilized in studying the geographical names dynamic of both Magelang Municipality and Magelang Regency. The multitemporal geographical names data are later to be employed to assist the analysis of regional dynamic. We applied the descriptive qualitative method in this research. The existing maps published during the colonialism era and post-Independence Day (1945) can be beneficial to locate the development of regional boundaries and as a resource of multitemporal geographical names. The existence of Magelang Municipality physically has been found since the region belonged to Kedu Residency. On the other hand, the administrative borders were first emerging in a map issued in 1938. The maps from 1855 to 2001 showed that administrative borders of the regions and geographical names examined before were bound to change, mainly on district names. This matter happened due to the proliferation and integration of regions within the Municipality and Regency. Although the borders appeared the same on some of the maps (the 1855 version was similar to the 1915’s and from 1938 to 1945 showed the parallel border lines), the maps showed different geographical names. The orthography of geographical names is experiencing changes as well, from using diacritic to using the Perfected Spelling System (Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan-EYD).</p>
Geographical information system (GIS) has been used for geospatial epidemiology. Through the process, it begins with geocoding, i.e. assigning geographic coordinates to an address on a map. This process is a bridge between spatial information and its attribute data. Fortunately, some open geocoding services are available. The paper aims to examine the mapping reliability of some online geocoding services to map the spread of tuberculosis (TB) in Sarawak, Malaysia towards practical implementation in the domestic health department. The features examined the common platforms, namely QGIS, Google Map, and ArcGIS Online, were selected and explored in terms of the following variables; positional quality, speed, cost, and coverage. Based on our exploratory experiment, ArcGIS Online offers relevant mapping features for the local geocoding services of the TB locations compared to the other two platforms. But the chosen geocoding methods or services may depend on the nature of the project, cost restrictions, and the experience of an analyst. Comparison of the positional accuracy with manual reference methods (e.g GPS measurement and manual digitizing) could be further studied.
Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a health problem in East Java. Opportunistic infections are one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aimed to describe the characteristics and opportunistic infections of AIDS patients in East Java Province, 2018. Methods: This study was conducted as observational descriptive research, and a survey was used as the research design. The research location was in East Java Provincial Health Office, and the study was carried out in August 2019. We used secondary data taken from the results of surveillance of AIDS patients in 2018. The sampling method of the study was total sampling, with 1,138 AIDS patients. The variables studied included the patients’ characteristics (sex, age, type of work, and risk factors) as well as the number and types of opportunistic infections. Results: The majority of the AIDS patients in East Java in this sample were male (70.74%), belonged to the adults (26–45 years old) group (62.65%), and worked as employees/laborers (46.08%). In terms of sexual orientation, the majority were heterosexuals (81.81%) or homosexuals (10.63%). The majority of patients experienced one type of opportunistic infection (46.08%), with histoplasmosis (48.77%) and tuberculosis (TB) (42.62%) as the most frequently experienced opportunistic infections. Conclusion: Characteristics that are risk factors for contracting AIDS in East Java include being male, being of adult age, working as an employee/laborer, and being heterosexual. There are also risks of opportunistic infections, particularly histoplasmosis and TB.
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