Purpose -The present work aims to focus on the simulation of tensile, shear and bending deformation of the plain-weft knitted fabrics in an analogous manner to the tests performed on the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics. Design/methodology/approach -The simulation of the tests is based on the modelling of the fabric microstructure and the application of the boundary conditions and the equivalent loading that correspond to each mechanical test, with a respect to the contact phenomena. A three-dimensional model consisting of three bodies in contact represents the unit cell of the fabric microstructure. Finite element analysis is used for the prediction of fabric performance since the complexity of the structure, the anisotropic properties of the yarns and the interaction phenomena between the yarns at the contact areas preclude the use of analytical methods. Findings -The proper definition of the boundary conditions and the appropriate load is of great significance for the realistic simulation of the mechanical tests under examination. The results of the simulated deformations compared to the respective measurements of the laboratory tests are correlated very well and this enables the consideration of the computational analysis as a powerful textile design tool. Originality/value -The prediction of the mechanical properties of the knitted fabrics based on the computational modelling supports the estimation of the fabric hand during the design stage and before its manufacturing.
The finite element modelling of the Charmeuse warp knitted fabrics is the main subject of this paper. The proposed model consists of a three-dimensional representation of the warp knitted fabric microstructure and a mechanical analysis of the defined unit cell. An iterative calculation procedure was used for the definition of the geometrical representation of the structure. The parametric modelling is based on the main structural parameters: yarn crosssection, warp density, course density, and yarn consumption of the front and the back bar. The flattening of the yarn cross-section has been introduced in the undeformed state of the model for the realistic approach of the authentic situation. The Finite Element Method (FEM) with contact analysis was implemented for a mechanical analysis of the multi-body structural unit. The appropriate contact algorithm was defined for fast convergence during the solution. Although the complexity of the unit cell was high, the modelling was possible and it can become a tool for the mechanical analysis of warp knitted fabrics.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is considered a promising realm of innovation and revenue generation for the forthcoming years, revolutionizing the way we interact with objects, other people and the world. With an unprecedented but realistic target of trillions of interconnected devices, the IoT calls for technological innovations that lie in the heart of rapid, low-energy and user-friendly communication between people and things. In this respect, the Near Field Communication (NFC) protocol offers advanced efficiency and applicability with low energy consumption, ease of use, flexibility, and increased payload. NFC tags may be embedded in everyday objects, including clothing and apparel, offering an immersive user experience. Wearable NFC antennas and NFC tags embedded in clothing have been presented in the past; nonetheless, in this paper we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported development of a NFC antenna on leather substrate. The proposed antenna is sewn using stainless steel thread and operates at the 13.56 MHz frequency range. It may be used alongside with NFC tags in leather apparel like clothing, shoes, accessories, etc., thus extending the possible use cases and applications of the NFC technology and offering an all the more immersive experience for the end user.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to focus on the development of a thorough method for the macromechanical analysis of fabrics. Design/methodology/approach -The homogenization method was implemented for the generation of continuum equivalent model for the plain woven structure. Keystone of the method is the mesomechanical analysis of the textile unit cell for the evaluation of the apparent properties and the generation of an equivalent macromechanical model supporting the mechanical performance of the structure. The finite element method (FEM) using beam elements was applied for the mechanical analysis of the discrete model of the unit cell and the FEM using shell elements was applied for the analysis of the continuum macromechanical model. Findings -The tensile, shear and bending test of the unit cell were simulated. The constitutive equations of the continuum model were formed considering equivalent performance with the discrete model. Originality/value -The reliability of the equivalent model in tensile, shear (in-plane) and bending (out-of-plane) deformation was achieved even for asymmetric woven structures. The low computational power demanded for the meso-and macro-mechanical modelling and analysis is a beneficial feature of the proposed method.
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