Background The emergence of antibiotic‐resistant Helicobacter pylori strains in recent years has increased the need for finding an alternative in the post‐antibiotic era. One of the fields being considered for this purpose is antimicrobial peptides. The aim of this review was to provide an obvious scheme from the studied anti‐H. pylori peptides and to investigate their common features. Method First, all of the antimicrobial peptides with their anti‐H. pylori effects have been proved up to September 2018 were selected and their information including structure, mechanism of action, and function was reviewed. To achieve this, three databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of science were used. Results A total of 9 groups containing 22 antimicrobial peptides were found with demonstrated anti‐H. pylori effects. The nine groups included pexiganan, tilapia piscidins, epinecidin‐1, cathelicidins, defensins, bicarinalin, odorranain‐HP, PGLa‐AM1, and bacteriocins. Most of the antimicrobial peptides, not all, had common features such as the ability to kill antibiotic‐resistant strains, having α‐helical structure, being cationic, with high positive charge and isoelectric point. Conclusion Antimicrobial peptides with anti‐H. pylori effects have the potential to replace the antibiotics, especially in the post‐antibiotic era, if a rapid and low‐cost production method would be found.

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is well known as a novel member of the coronavirus family which caused a sudden outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China that quickly developed into a global pandemic. No effective approaches are found as yet for the therapy and epidemiological control of this new virus. For this purpose, we searched the literature in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, and MeSH, from all years of study until 23rd of October 2020, for articles and abstracts describing SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, pneumonia, clinical trials, drug, treatment, and medicine. Areas covered: The present study aimed to comprehensively overview of the current literature on effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. Expert opinion: Since the beginning of this pandemic disease, many studies have been conducted to find effective drugs to prevent COVID-19, because there are no specific drugs for the treatment of this disease. Most of these drugs with the antiviral potential effect toward COVID-19 are already used as the treatment of other infectious diseases. Some drugs that show the promising therapeutic potential in the initial clinical studies include remdesivir as an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and favipiravir as an inhibitor of virus replication. Currently, remdesivir received the FDA authorizes to use as an experimental drug for emergency use in COVID-19 patients.

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Scan to discover onlineBackground & Objective: Polyomaviruses types BK and JC and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) have been shown to be related to kidney transplantation complications. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of these viruses in patients receiving kidney transplantation. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 40 kidney transplant recipients and 44 donors. Urine samples were used for the extraction of viral DNA. The prevalence of JC and BK viruses and their viral loads were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: JC and BK viruses were identified in 31% and 92.3% of all subjects, respectively. The frequency of JC and BK cases was not statistically different between the recipient and donor groups (P>0.05). All patients in the donor group and 96.8% of the recipients were positive for CMV IgG antibody. The mean viral load of BK in donors and recipients was 4.5×10 10 and 3.3×10 11 copies, respectively. The mean viral load of JC was 8.6×10 7 copies in donors and 2.9×10 8 copies in recipients. The distribution of BKV was significantly higher in recipients than donors (P=0.001), while no difference was observed between the two studied groups for JCV. Conclusion:This study showed a relatively high prevalence of BK and JC viruria in both renal transplant donors and recipients. The viral load for BKV, but not JCV, was higher in recipients than in donors.

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Coronaviruses quickly became a pandemic or epidemic, affecting large numbers of humans, due to their structural features and also because of their impacts on intracellular communications. The knowledge of the intracellular mechanism of virus distribution could help understand the coronavirus’s proper effects on different pathways that lead to the infections. They protect themselves from recognition and damage the infected cell by using an enclosed membrane through hijacking the autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation pathways. The present study is a comprehensive review of the coronavirus strategy in upregulating the communication network of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation.