Abstract:The cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper Universal (PTU), ProTaper Gold (PTG), and ProTaper Next (PTN) nickel titanium (NiTi) rotary files was evaluated. Fifteen instruments of each type were selected, totaling 195 files. The instruments were rotated until fracture in an artificial canal with dimensions corresponding to the dimensions of each instrument tested: +0.1 mm in width and 0.2 mm in depth, an angle of curvature of 45 • , a radius of curvature of 5 mm, and a center of curvature 5 mm from the instrument tip. The fracture surfaces of three representative samples of each subgroup were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Time to fracture was analyzed via analysis of variance and Tukey's tests (P < 0.05). PTG F1 and F2 had significantly higher resistance than PTU F1 and PTN X2, and PTU F2 and PTN X3, respectively. PTN X2 showed a significantly higher resistance than PTU F1. The PTG series demonstrated superior cyclic fatigue (CF) behavior compared with that of the PTU and PTN series.
Since the Bandung Declaration of 2004, Indonesia has become concerned with the development of inclusive education. Even though teachers’ attitudes toward inclusive education are important for successful implementation, there have been few research studies on them in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to understand Indonesian teachers’ attitudes toward inclusive education. This study surveyed 243 Indonesian teachers using the Teacher Attitudes toward Inclusion Scale (TATIS) instrument. The findings showed that 79.4 % of Indonesian teachers held a moderate attitude toward inclusive education. In addition, the number of teachers who had a high (8.6 %) attitude toward inclusive education was less than those who held a low one (11.9 %). Moreover, there were no significant differences based on demographic data such as gender, age, province, school type, highest education, teaching experience in general education, and teaching experience in inclusive education. A significant difference was found only when the level of schools grouped the teachers: teachers who teach in secondary schools had more positive attitudes toward inclusive education than teachers who teach in primary schools. The positive attitude of teachers towards inclusive education can make them more capable of controlled learning environments. Meanwhile, to improve their attitude, a sustainable training program can be carried out. Sustainable training organized by the Ministry of Education to improve teacher pedagogical and professional competence must be in line with Education for Sustainable Development (EDS).
A university/college plays one of the most essential roles in students' lives, helping them secure jobs and improving important skills for their daily needs. Thus, providing students with intellectual disability with necessary services, resources, and other forms of support through cooperative partnerships outside of the university/college is one of the most effective factors for the success of such students as well as of postsecondary education programs. These programs can provide many benefits to these students, because different types of participantsagencies, organizations, and individuals-serve these students in the programs and improve the quality of services offered to them.This article aims to provide a brief review of inclusive higher education for people with intellectual disability in the United States in the scope of interagency cooperation in a university/college by reviewing the literature in this field. Two main themes emerged-interagency cooperation in postsecondary education and federal support as a focal point for interagency cooperation in college/universitywhich may encourage researchers and program decisionmakers to offer external collaborative partnerships to such students. Additionally, the results will may induce other countries to take similar steps to integrate such students into colleges/universities, and to pay close attention to the role of collaborative partnerships in developing the efficiency of postsecondary education programs.
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