Furthermore, by 2030 this number is expected to rise steadily to 23.6 million. [2] Despite such high mortality rates, most CVD, [3,4] including arteriosclerosis, [5,6] diabetes, [7][8][9][10] myocardial infarction, [11,12] coronary heart disease, [13,14] and hypertension, [15][16][17][18] can be prevented and treated through early diagnosis and long-term monitoring of physiological signaling. Conventional health systems suffer from deficiencies in wearability, wireless technology, lifespan, and stability to maintain a long-term collection of clinical-grade individual health metrics for accurate diagnosis. [19][20][21] As such, promoting the utility of Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled technology in personalized healthcare is still significantly impeded by the need for costeffective and wearing-comfort biomedical devices to continuously provide real-time patient-generated health data. Over the past several decades, significant advances in wearable pressure sensors have been observed, allowing them to noninvasively and continuously detect human physiological and pathological signals. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] These biomedical metrics can then be used to evaluate cardiovascular conditions, providing a personalized health care system with better health outcomes, increased user-friendliness, greater quality, and cost-effectiveness that are essential to reducing CVD incidence and mortality. [36][37][38][39] Pulse waves are prominent component of human physiological signaling and involve abundant human-health information that can reveal individual conditions, including heart problems (such as arrhythmia), blood pressure, vascular aging, exercise, medication, and sleep status. [40][41][42][43][44][45] Although physical symptoms are often elusively observed in their early stages, they can be diagnosed through subtle pulsewave changes. Preventive action of CVDs can be taken by differentiating the variance of pulse waveforms with consideration of participants' age, gender, weight, and daily diet. [46][47][48][49] Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has proposed empirical approaches to analyze human physical state from pulse waves, rendering pulse wave surveillance unavoidable for TCM. [50,51] TCM is unable to continuously monitor pulse waves, limiting the accuracy of the assessment results. As such, empirical diagnostic methods may profoundly depend on the experiences of the practitioner, the emotions of the participant, and the external environment, resulting in the administration of distorted or problematic treatment. [52] Additionally, the diagnostic results among practitioners are Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted keen research interest and have been widely used for longterm and real-time cardiovascular status monitoring. Owing to compelling characteristics, including light weight, wearing comfort, and high sensitivity to pulse pressures, physiological pulse ...

As the world marches into the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), the practice of human health care is on the cusp of a revolution, driven by an unprecedented level of personalization enabled by a variety of wearable bioelectronics. A sustainable and wearable energy solution is highly desired , but challenges still remain in its development. Here, we report a high-performance wearable electricity generation approach by manipulating the relative permittivity of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). A compatible active carbon (AC)-doped polyvinylidene fluoride (AC@PVDF) composite film was invented with high relative permittivity and a specific surface area for wearable biomechanical energy harvesting. Compared with the pure PVDF, the 0.8% AC@PVDF film-based TENG obtained an enhancement in voltage, current, and power by 2.5, 3.5, and 9.8 times, respectively. This work reports a stable, cost-effective, and scalable approach to improve the performance of the triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable biomechanical energy harvesting, thus rendering a sustainable and pervasive energy solution for on-body electronics.

A light weight, economic, and high–energy density Zn/MnO 2 fiber battery was integrated with a textile body area network.

No abstract

The parallel evolution of wearable electronics, artificial intelligence, and fifth-generation wireless technology has created a technological paradigm with the potential to change our lives profoundly. Despite this, addressing limitations linked to continuous, sustainable, and pervasive powering of wearable electronics remains a bottleneck to overcome in order to maximize the exponential benefit that these technologies can bring once synergized. A recent groundbreaking discovery has demonstrated that by using the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can efficiently convert irregular and low-frequency passive biomechanical energy from body movements into electrical energy, providing an infinite and sustainable power source for wearable electronics. A number of human motions have been exploited to properly and efficiently harness this energy potential, including human ambulation. Shoes are an indispensable component of daily wearing and can be leveraged as an excellent platform to exploit such kinetic energy. In this article, the latest representative achievements of TENG-based smart electricity-generating shoes are comprehensively reviewed. We summarize ways in which not only can biomechanical energy be scavenged via ambulatory motion, but also biomonitoring of health parameters via tracking of rhythm and strength of pace can be implemented to aid in theranostic fields. This work provides a systematical review of the rational structural design, practical applications, scenario analysis, and performance evaluation of TENG-based smart shoes for wearable electricity generation. In addition, the perspective for future development of smart electricity-generation shoes as a sustainable and pervasive energy solution towards the upcoming era of the Internet of Things is discussed.

Self-powered chemical sensing via triboelectric nanogenerators is an emerging approach to continuous detection and analysis of chemical molecules on the human body and the surroundings.

In article number 2109357, Jun Chen and co-workers introduce a kirigami-inspired pressure sensor for wearable dynamic cardiovascular monitoring. Utilizing the vertical kirigamiinspired structure and a simple fabrication process, the sensor provides an ascendant way for wearable electronics to overcome motion artifacts when monitoring human pulse signals, thus representing a solid advancement toward personalized cardiovascular monitoring in the era of the Internet of things.

Interfacing with the human body, wearable and implantable bioelectronics are a compelling platform technology for healthcare monitoring and medical therapeutics. However, clinical adoption of these devices is largely shadowed by their weakness in humidity resistance, stretchability, durability, and biocompatibility. In this work, we report a self-powered waterproof biomechanical sensor with stretchability up to 440% using the giant magnetoelastic effect in a soft polymer system. By manipulating the magnetic dipole alignment, the sensor achieved a particularly broad sensing range from 3.5 Pa to 2000 kPa, with a response time of ∼3 ms. To validate the excellent performance of the magnetoelastic sensor in biomonitoring, both ex vivo porcine heart testing and in vivo rat model testing were performed for cardiovascular monitoring and heart disease diagnosis. With the obtained sensing data, we have successfully detected ventricular arrhythmia and ventricular fibrillation in the Sprague–Dawley rat model. Holding a collection of compelling features, including minimal hysteresis, ultrawide sensing range, waterproofness, and biocompatibility, the magnetoelastic sensor represents a unique platform technology for self-powered biomonitoring in both wearable and implantable manners.