Malocclusion is a condition that deviates from normal occlusion including irregularities of the teeth in the arch of the jaw such as crowding, protrusive, malposition and relationships that are not harmonious with the antagonist teeth. Non-physiological oral habits are abnormal human habits that cause stresses and tendencies that persist and are repeated continuously so that it affects craniofacial growth and is usually called bad habits. Changes in the activity of these muscles will lead to modification of facial growth patterns and head posture that can result in dentofacial deformity. Adaptation from nasal breathing to mouth breathing causes several unhealthy things, such as chronic middle ear infections, sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infections, sleep disor-ders, and facial growth disorders.

Objective : Impaction of the third molar tooth mandibular is often found in patients with orthodontic treatment. In orthodontic treatment, extraction cases of impaction of the third molar tooth are usually performed, but the patients often refuse this extraction. Extraction of premolar has a good effect on the third molar mandibular angulation during treatment.Material and Methods : This study is a retrospective clinical study with descriptive analytic to find out the effect of the first mandibular premolar tooth extraction to angulation change of the third molar mandibular in orthodontic treatment with a standard edgewise method. Angulation change was performed by comparing the third molar mandibular angulation before and after orthodontic treatment with panoramic radiographs. Angulation of the third molar tooth mandibular was calculated from the angle formed between the long axis of the tooth with the reference line infraorbita.Results : The sample comprised 60 of impacted mandibular third molar region of the left and right regions of 30 patients who had been treated declared cured in clinic of orthodontic specialist of Dentistry Faculty Padjadjaran University. The sample was divided into three (3) groups of patients before treatment angulation of the third molar tooth mandibular under 300, 300 to 600 and above 60o, then measured change of angulation and observed whether it increased, fixed or decreased. Results were analyzed by T- test and Wilcoxon test showed that there was a significant change in angulation of the third molar mandibular in orthodontic treatment with the first premolar tooth mandibular extraction.Conclusion : This study is that the first premolar tooth mandibular extraction affects the angulation of the third molar tooth mandibular after orthodontic treatment.

The aim of this study was to know issue of the relationship between mandibular asymmetry and body posture. The literatures of mandibular asymmetry and body posture published in the last 10 years (2012-2022) which were collected from the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar. The data obtained was anaylized using observational, prospective, retrospective, case reports, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, showed that there is a relationship between themandibular and C2-3 with the rela-tion of the suprahyoid, hyoid bone, infrahyoid and sternocleidomastoid muscles connecting to spine. So, the changes in mandi-bular position will also change the body posture, and body posture will also affect the position of the mandibular with spinal de-formities which results in distortion of the vertebral column and asymmetrical face, shoulders, and waist. It was concluded that all studies cited in this literature review reported thatmandibular asymmetry and body posture have a reciprocal relationship.

Penelitian ini berdasarkan fakta lapangan bahwa banyak pasien anak dan remaja yang mengeluhkan berbagai kondisi gigitan yang memburuk paska perawatan ortodontik. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk memberi masukan bagi dokter gigi supaya tidak merawat pasien anak dan remaja menurut prinsip perawatan ortodontik dewasa. Penelitian ini adalah observasional analitik, menggunakan metode purposive random sampling dari data nama-nama pasien yang pernah dirawat pada tempat pelayanan kesehatan gigi. Diperoleh responden sebanyak 7 pasien yang semuanya mengalami perubahan susunan gigi-geligi, sejak periode perawatan terakhir atau fiksasi hingga penelitian dilaksanakan. Tidak satupun dari responden memperlihatkan pola hubungan gigi-geligi yang bertahan. Ada beberapa faktor tumbuh-kembang yang mempengaruhi. Dari hasil temuan ini disimpulkan bahwa pasien remaja tidak dapat dirawat dengan cara yang sama dengan pasien ortodontik dewasa.

The use of fixed partial denture (FPD) nowdays has been very popular in our society.This is due to their smaller size, and more convenient to be used and fixed in themouth. The choice of nickel chromium (NiCr)as the metal component of FPD isbased on its character of corrosion proof, light, and hard. However, nickel containedcan be allergic. Allergic reactions reported, vary from oedema of tongue and lip, andmouth lining until anaphylaxis. These reactions are related to the pattern andcorrosion modes, followed by the release of metalic ions like nickel into the oralcavity. This depends not only on the composition of metal, but also the temperatureand pH of the oral cavity. Some studies have reported the use of NiCr might causeinflammation reaction of periodontal tissue.

Permanent tooth extraction in the children and teenager patients, either due to of tooth decay or esthetical orthodontic reason, will have direct effect to central nervous system and disturb the growth and development process of the children and teenager patient's tooth and jaw and indirect effect in closing of the opportunities of the patient entering some vital job, like army cadet, pilot and stewardess. If extraction is based on orthodontic analyses, there are at least 3 : new problems will arise, namely neurological effect to central nervous system, non-optimal occlusion and disturbance on growth and development process of the patient tooth and jaw, and there is a legal problem if some day the patient realize that they lost their vital opportunity due to of irrational intervention to their tooth. Are the worldwide orthodontists theory will safe us from the claim of Indonesian Act No. 23 Year 2002 and Act No. 29 Year 2005? This paper aim to realize dentist that the old orthodontic theory is not always true at all time; society, either physically or economically lost some intact tooth, due to of unrevised theory; and to warrant the dentist that permanent tooth extraction is an illegal intervention in conjunction with the Acts, because dentists do not protect the existence of the intact tooth. There are some preventive measures alternative to safe the children and teenager intact tooth, started from oral health for all, optimalization of space-maintaining and regaining concept, i and better understanding about orthodontic myofunctional theory.Key word : permanent tooth extraction, Act No. 23 and 29, spacemaintaining and regaining concept and minor tooth movement and myofunctional teory.

Objective: This paper aims to review the studies of the saliva analysis for forensic odontology purposes, starting from identifying the saliva stain and extracting the saliva sample. Methods: A literature review was performed using textbook (2016) and online search in scientific databases: PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, JDMFS online, EBSCOhost® (from 2002 to 2017). The studies generated were screened and selected by a single examiner based on the following criteria: full text articles with abstracts reporting on saliva and forensic odontology or personal identification and all articles are written in English. Results: From the articles gained by the author, the author found that saliva stain can be detected through many ways and can be extracted using single swab or double swab technique. Saliva analysis can be used to detect drug and hormone abuse, to detect intoxication, to identify suspects and victims of a crime or disaster, and also to identify bitemark's perpetrator. Conclusion: Saliva is a very useful diagnostic tool in forensic odontology. Its detection and analysis is very important in verifying the existence of a crime, in identifying suspects and victims of a crime, and in personal identification in mass disaster. Despite all the usefulness of saliva analysis, the existence of saliva in crime scene is often difficult to be confirmed, therefore it is better to combine more than one saliva stain identification tool to confirm.

To determine the comparison of the prevalence of malocclusion between elementary school children with high economic level and low economic level. Material and Methods:The subjects of this study were students of Kera-Kera Inpres Elementary School and Al-Biruni Makassar SDIT. This type of research is a descriptive observational cross-sectional design by purposive sampling to 103 students. Research subjects will be given a questionnaire and then examined the oral cavity and photographs. Results:In this study subjects, the prevalence of malocclusion was higher in Al-Biruni Makassar SDIT (81.4%) compared to the Kera-Kera Inpres Elementary School (63.6%). Statistical analysis of the Mann-Whitney comparison test values obtained p = 0.072 (p> 0.05). Conclusion:There is no significant difference in prevalence between SD Inpres Kera-Kera and SDIT Al-Biruni Makassar.