The nutrient composition of dried red seaweed Gracilaria gracilis collected from Barru waters, South Sulawesi including proximate, dietary fiber, minerals, fatty acid and amino acid profile has been investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the various nutritional parameters of G. gracilis for utilization in human nutrition. Results show that the content of moisture (19.045), protein (10.86%), ash (6.78%), fat (0.18%), carbohydrate (63.13%) and dietary fiber (27.48%) basis on the dry weight. The content of calcium (429.11 mg.100 g-1), sodium (290.89 mg.100 g-1), phosphor (57.01 mg.100 g-1), iron (15.20 mg.100 g-1) and potassium (1380.42 mg.100 g-1). Leucine was the major essential amino acid found to be 9374.22 mg.kg-1, while glutamic acid was the major non-essential amino acid found to be 10848.98 mg.kg-1. Palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid found to be 0.08%, while oleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid found to be 0.05%. The nutrient composition of G. gracilis was discussed in this study and suggested that the seaweed species have potentially be used as raw material or ingredient of a healthy food for human.

Sea cucumber is an important food and remedies in Eastern hemisphere. However, less study have been performed to identify health benefit effects of sea cucumber from tropical region. In this study, radical scavenging activity of sea cucumber from Mataram - Lombok [Holothuria leucospilota, Holothuria atra, Holothuria fuscocinerea, and Holothuria excellens] were studied. Compared to other species at concentration of 0.1 mg mL–1, H. atra extract showed strongest scavenging activity in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (13.14 ± 2.17) % and absorbance value of β-carotene linoleic acid model at 180 min was (3.32 ± 1,12). H. atra extract were further fractionated, and ethyl acetate fractions (fr. 6) significantly inhibit radical activity at 180 min with the absorbance value of 2.84 ± 0.2. It can be concluded that H. atra is an important sea cucumber from tropical region.

Stichopus horrens merupakan salah satu jenis teripang yang memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber bahan antibakteri dari laut. Sampel teripang S. horrens yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari perairan Teluk Ratai Lampung pada bulan April 2016. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan jenis metabolit sekunder, aktivitas antibakteri dan komposisi senyawa yang terkandung dalam ekstrak metanol teripang Stichopus horrens. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Identifikasi metabolit sekunder dengan pengamatan reaksi warna, pengendapan dan buih. Metode yang digunakan untuk uji aktivitas antibakteri adalah metode difusi agar, sedangkan analisa komposisi senyawa menggunakan Kromatografi Gas – Spektroskopi Massa (KG-SM). Hasil identifikasi golongan metabolit sekunder menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol teripang S. horrens mengandung steroid dan saponin. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol teripang S. horrens hanya memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Bacillus subtilis dan Vibrio eltor. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat 7 senyawa dengan indeks kemiripan sama atau lebih besar dari 90%. Senyawa tersebut terdiri dari asam 9,12-oktadekadienoat, asam heksadekanoat, 3,8-di-tert-butil-1,10-fenantrolin, 1,13-tetradekadiena dan 6,9-pentadekadien-1-ol. Senyawa dengan kelimpahan terbesar adalah 6,9-pentadekadien-1-ol yaitu 28,48% dengan waktu retensi 18,597 menit.

With the uncontrolled spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), development and distribution of antiviral drugs and vaccines have gained tremendous importance. This study focused on two viral proteases namely main protease (Mpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) and human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-2) to identify which of these are essential for viral replication. We screened 102 secondary metabolites against SARS-CoV-2 isolated from 36 terrestrial plants and 36 marine organisms from Indonesian biodiversity. These organisms are typically presumed to have antiviral effects, and some of them have been used as an immunomodulatory activity in traditional medicine. For the molecular docking procedure to obtain Gibbs free energy value (∆G), toxicity, ADME and Lipinski, AutoDock Vina was used. In this study, five secondary metabolites, namely corilagin, dieckol, phlorofucofuroeckol A, proanthocyanidins, and isovitexin, were found to inhibit ACE-2, Mpro, and PLpro receptors in SARS-CoV-2, with a high affinity to the same sites of ptilidepsin, remdesivir, and chloroquine as the control molecules. This study was delimited to molecular docking without any validation by simulations concerned with molecular dynamics. The interactions with two viral proteases and human ACE-2 may play a key role in developing antiviral drugs for five active compounds. In future, we intend to investigate antiviral drugs and the mechanisms of action by in vitro study.

Hydroxyapatite from eggshells waste obtained by one stage of heating modified with ZnONPs on ACE (Hap-Esb/ZnONPs/ACE) can detect uric acid.