The study revealed that SCCG with epilepsy is a benign self-limiting disease. A longer duration of therapy is not warranted in patients having total resolution of lesion. Calcified lesion was found to be the most common cause of recurrence of seizures. Higher recurrence rate was observed in short-term therapy in patients having calcified lesions and may require long-term AED treatment.

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Use of oversized devices in small aortas carries a risk of device failure by collapse, which can occur immediately or after years of delay. When clinically indicated, percutaneous repair can be effectively performed.

The Masimo Blue sensor has improved accuracy at saturations 75-85% versus the Nellcor and Masimo Standard sensors. The accuracy of peripheral capillary oxygen saturation of the Masimo Blue sensor was within 5% points of the arterial oxygen saturation the majority of the time. Currently, at saturations less than or equal to 85%, pulse oximetry alone should not be relied on in making clinical decisions.

Water in nanoconfinement is ubiquitous in biological systems and membrane materials, with altered properties that significantly influence the surrounding system. In this work, we show how ionic liquid (IL)/water mixtures can be tuned to create water environments that resemble nanoconfined systems. We utilize molecular dynamics simulations employing ab initio force fields to extensively characterize the water structure within five different IL/water mixtures: [BMIM + ][BF 4 − ], [BMIM + ][PF 6 − ], [BMIM + ][OTf − ], [BMIM + ][NO 3 − ] and [BMIM + ][TFSI − ] ILs at varying water fraction. We characterize water clustering, hydrogen bonding, water orientation, pairwise correlation functions and percolation networks as a function of water content and IL type. The nature of the water nanostructure is significantly tuned by changing the hydrophobicity of the IL and sensitively depends on water content. In hydrophobic ILs such as [BMIM + ][PF 6 − ], significant water clustering leads to dynamic formation of water pockets that can appear similar to those formed within reverse micelles. Furthermore, rotational relaxation times of water molecules in supersaturated hydrophobic IL/water mixtures indicate the close-connection with nanoconfined systems, as they are quantitatively similar to water relaxation in previously characterized lyotropic liquid crystals. We expect that this physical insight will lead to better design principles for incorporation of ILs into membrane materials to tune water nanostructure.

Although the “like-dissolves-like” rule is often invoked to explain why sodium chloride dissolves in water, hidden behind this explanation is the delicate balance between the very large cohesive energy of the ionic crystal and large solvation energies of the ions. Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) are liquid analogues of ionic crystals and, as dictated by a similar energetic balance, may either fully mix with water or be immiscible with water depending on ion type and cation/anion combination. In this work, we study three hydrophobic and three hydrophilic ILs to examine whether a priori prediction of water miscibility is possible based on analysis of bulk properties alone. We find that hydrophilic and hydrophobic ILs exhibit distinct signatures in their (reciprocal space) Coulomb interactions that indicate predisposition to water mixing. Hydrophilic ILs exhibit a prominent peak in their electrostatic interactions at ∼5–8 Å length scale, largely due to repulsion between neighboring anion shells. When mixed with water, this peak is significantly reduced in magnitude, indicating that electrostatic screening by water molecules is an important driving force for mixing. In contrast, hydrophobic ILs show no such peak, indicating no predisposition to mixing. In addition to this analysis, we compute and compare solvation free energies of the six different anions in water, ion-pairing free energies at “infinitely” dilute concentration, and water absorption free energies in the different ILs. Analyzed within the context of empirical data, our calculations suggest that hydrophobicity trends of different ILs are very sensitive to precise water content at dilute conditions. For example, we predict that bis­(fluorosulfonyl)­imide-based ILs exhibit anomalously large water absorption free energies at zero water content, with increasing hydrophobicity as preferential absorption sites within the IL become saturated.

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Premarital sexual activity, both consensual and non-consensual, was reported indicating a need for school based adolescent reproductive and sexual health education (ARSHE) programs in Maharashtra, India. The program in India should focus on specialized interventions for young adolescents. Routine health check-ups and probing on symptoms of STDs, non-consensual sex and other risky practices should be implemented in schools.