An experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2020 and 2021 to study the influence assessment of different nutrients in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Grossum L.) Experiment comprised of 9 treatments laid in randomized block design (RBD) tested against absolute control. Two year pooled data analysis revealed that, application of 150% NPK + FYM produced maximum number of fruits (11.62), fruit length (7.37 cm), fruit width (6.76 cm), average fruit weight (73.0 g), HI (31.60 %), yield (314.3 q/ha) and earned maximum net returns (₹462215.8). Treatment T9 (150% NPK + FYM) also recorded maximum plant nutrient contents and their uptake, and found to be statistically at par with T8 (100% NPK + FYM) which also recorded higher benefit-cost ratio. Application of 100% NPK produced 239.2 q/ha capsicum and gave net returns of ₹373618.8 and 3.56 benefit cost (B:C) ratio. Application of 100% NPK + FYM recorded 289.6 q/ha capsicum yield and net returns of ₹435785.4 with B:C of 3.04 and proved as the best treatment for enhancing yield and economics of capsicum under mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. Therefore, the recommended practice, i.e. Application of 100% NPK (100: 76: 54 kg/ha) + FYM (250 q/ ha) is the best alternative of NPK inorganic fertilizers and best nutrient management practice to exploit the better eco-friendly economic capsicum yield.
The Deepor Beel is one of the large and important riverine wetlands in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam, India. The only Ramsar site of Assam, the Beel is one of the richest biodiversity grounds in the wetland eco-system of the state. The Deepor Beel is the hub of a wide range of organisms. It provides various goods and services directly or indirectly to the villages near to the beel for their livelihood. Despite its contribution to society and ecology as a whole, these goods and services of the Beel are undervalued in the policy provisions. The prime reason for this undervaluation is that most of the goods and services of the Beel are non-marketable and those goods which have direct use-values are never valued in an economic term. To fill the gap partially, this study tries to estimate the direct use values of the Deepor Beel. Among the goods the Deepor Beel provides, fishing can be considered one of the economically significant goods. Fishing provides livelihood directly to 825 households living near the Beel. Therefore, this research tries to estimate the direct use value of fishing in the Deepor Beel. A market price approach is applied to estimate the value of this wetland resource. Net Present Value (NPV) of fishing is also estimated. The total estimated value of fishing is INR 11,64,69,375 per annum. The estimated value of fishing per hectare is INR 29,015.78 per annum. The estimated Net Present Value (NPV) of fishing is INR 97,05,78,125. This valuation is important to draw the attention of the policymakers for resource investment in conserving the Beel for continued benefits.
Middle Jurassic theropods have a scanty record worldwide, especially from Gondwana. In India, where Jurassic theropods are particularly rare and only represented by a few isolated teeth and some badly preserved bones, there is currently no record of theropods from the Middle Jurassic of western India. Here we report the first theropod dental material from Middle Jurassic marine carbonate rocks of the Jaisalmer Basin, north-western India. The specimen consists of an incomplete shed tooth crown recovered from bioclastic intraformational conglomerate bed of the Bathonian Fort Member of the Jaisalmer Formation. A cladistic analysis performed on a dentition-based data matrix revealed that the isolated crown likely pertained to a non-coelurosaur averostran possibly from the mesial dentition of a ceratosaurid, a non-spinosaurid megalosauroid, or an allosauroid. This shed tooth provides evidence that at least one taxon of medium to large-bodied theropod lived on the Tethyan coast of NW India during the Middle Jurassic. This contribution marks the Jaisalmer Basin as a new promising area in India for dinosaurian remains from the Jurassic Gondwana.
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