Interspecies transmissions of viruses between animals and humans may result in unpredictable pathogenic potential and new transmissible diseases. This mechanism has recently been exemplified by the discovery of new pathogenic viruses, such as the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, Middle-East respiratory syndromecoronavirus epidemic in Saudi Arabia, and the deadly outbreak of Ebola in West Africa. The. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which is having a massive global impact in terms of economic disruption, and, above all, human health. The disease is characterized by dry cough, fever, fatigue, myalgia, and dyspnea. Other symptoms include headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, and gastrointestinal disorders. Pneumonia appears to be the most common and severe manifestation of the infection. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific drug for COVID-19. Further, the development of new antiviral requires a considerable length of time and effort for drug design and validation. Therefore, repurposing the use of natural compounds can provide alternatives and can support therapy against COVID-19. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the prophylactic and supportive therapeutic role of probiotics for the management of COVID-19. In addition, the unique role of probiotics to modulate the gut microbe and assert gut homeostasis and production of interferon as an antiviral mechanism is described. Further, the regulatory role of probiotics on gut-lung axis and mucosal immune system for the potential antiviral mechanisms is reviewed and discussed. Key points • Gut microbiota role in antiviral diseases • Factors influencing the antiviral mechanism • Probiotics and Covid-19
A Gram-positive, non-motile, aerobic, coccus-shaped bacterium, designated strain LNB-140, was isolated from a sewage treatment plant in the Republic of Korea and was characterised using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain LNB-140 belongs to genus Tessaracoccus in the family Propionibacteriaceae of the phylum Actinobacteria. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain LNB-140 and type strains of the genus, Tessaracoccus flavescens SST-39 and Tessaracoccus rhinocerotis YIM101269 are 97.8 and 97.4 %, respectively. The chemotaxonomic properties of strain LNB-140 are consistent with those of members of the genus Tessaracoccus: a quinone system with MK-9(H4) as the predominant menaquinone; anteiso-C and iso C as the predominant cellular fatty acids; and LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic peptidoglycan diamino acid. The major polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 67.1 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties along with low DNA-DNA relatedness (<30 ± 3.2 %) with closely related type strains show that strain LNB-140 is distinct from previously described members of the genus Tessaracoccus and represents a novel species in this genus, for which the name Tessaracoccus defluvii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LNB-140 (=KEMB 5401-076 = JCM 17540).
Two novel Gram-stain negative, motile, non-spore forming, facultative aerobic and short rod shaped bacterial strains, designated U15(T) and U32, were isolated from soil obtained from Ukraine. The sequence similarity of the 16S rRNA gene between strains U15(T) and U32 was found to be 99.5 %. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that new bacteria belong to the genus Noviherbaspirillum. The closest member of the genus was found to be Noviherbaspirillum malthae (97.0 %) followed by Noviherbaspirillum suwonensis (96.3 %). The novel isolates was observed to grow optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.0. The major fatty acids present in the two strains were identified as summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c), C16:0, and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c). Ubiquinone 8 was identified as the respiratory quinone component for both the strains. The polar lipid (L) profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, unidentified aminolipid and unidentified Ls, and putrescine and 2-hydroxyputrescine as major polyamines. The G+C content of the DNA for the strain U15(T) was found to be 61.2 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness between U15(T) and U32 and closely related species was less than 40 %. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic analysis, a new species, Noviherbaspirillum humi sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is strain U15(T) = JCM 19873(T) = KEMB 7305-102(T).
A Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, coccus-shaped bacterium, designated strain C25T, was isolated from the soil beneath a decomposing pig carcass in Korea and was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain C25T belongs to the genus Vagococcus in the family Enterococcaceae of the Lactobacillales. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain C25T was closely related to Vagococcus lutrae CCUG 39187T (96.5 % similarity) and Enterococcus termitis LMG 8895T (95.8 %). The chemotaxonomic properties of strain C25T were consistent with those of the genus Vagococcus; the major cellular fatty acids consisted of C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω9c and C18 : 1ω9c, and the cell-wall peptidoglycan type was based on meso-diaminopimelic acid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 44 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic inference, fatty acid profile, and chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties, strain C25T is clearly differentiated from closely related type strains of the genus Vagococcus and represents a novel species in this genus, for which the name Vagococcus humatus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C25T (=KEMB 562-002T=JCM 31581T).
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