ABSTRACT:Background: Psoriasis is a worldwide disease and varies in its clinical profile and epidemiology in different regions of the world. The disease is common and few epidemiological data are available in our country. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic and clinical features of Psoriasis in Lumbini Medical College. Methods: A retrospective investigation of a total of 240 patients visiting Out Patient Department (OPD) of Dermatology and Venereology of Lumbini Medical College with Psoriasis was done. The parameters included were age at onset of disease, age at first treatment, current age, sex, type of disease and distribution of lesions. Data and statistical analysis was done with SPSS 17.0. Results: The mean age of patients at onset of disease was 26.4 (SD = 14.3) years. M:F ratio was 1.16. Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) was the most common variety of the disease. Extensor surface of the body was most commonly involved. Conclusion: Psoriasis is a common dermatological disease accounting 2.9% of all dermatology patients in our center. PV is the most common clinical subtype. The disease is more frequent in the third decade of life and has a male predominance in our region. Treatment compliance has been found to be poor.

Pangolins (family: Manidae) encompass eight extant species distributed discontinuously through tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa (Marler, 2016). Nepal lies in the transition zone between Palearctic and Oriental regions and hence is endowed with fauna characteristic of both regions, including the "Critically Endangered" Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) (Challender et al., 2019) and the "Endangered" Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) (Baral &

Background: ENT disorders specially hearing impairment nega vely impacts students' development of academic, language and social skills. If le undiagnosed, these condi ons may result in signifi cant irreversible damage such as varying degree of hearing loss that can aff ect the social or professional performance of the individuals in later stages of life. Students going to government school in our country generally come from under privileged society. We inves gated the occurrence of ENT diseases among various government school students in Kailali district. Methods: Nine government school of Kailai district were chosen at random. All students of those school present on the day of examina on went rou ne ENT examina ons. Brief history, if any, was recorded and fi ndings were noted. The study was done throughout the month of September, 2013. Results: There were a total of 2256 students enrolled in the study. There were 1126 male and 1130 female students. Mean age of the students was 9.88 years. Forty One percent of students had ENT problems. Ear wax was the most common (17%) fi ndings followed by suppura ve ear diseases, o s media with eff usion as so on in decreasing frequency. Conclusions: ENT diseases and specially ear diseases are important health problems among school children of Nepal. Regular school health services, screening program, public awareness, improvement of socioeconomic status, mely referral to a specialist doctor can help to reduce the diseaserelated burden.

Wetlands are the dynamic ecosystems with high yielding capacity which are considered very prolific from view point of biodiversity. With prime functioning of water supply, wetlands are well known for supplementary functions of providing ecosystem services viz., groundwater recharge, carbon sequestration, preventing water logging and flooding etc. Total ten wetlands sites of Nepal are included in Ramsar List till 2019, Koshi Tappu being the first listed wetland and Lake Clusters of Pokhara Valley being the latest included wetland which covers 60,561 hectares area of the total area of the country. Ramsar sites in Nepal are distributed throughout the country and are classified as high altitude wetlands, mid hill wetlands and terai wetlands. The Ramsar Site hosts endemic species of floral species some of which are endangered. It too serves as excellent habitat as water hole and corridor for numerous digits of threatened and endangered faunal diversity. Besides this, they serve as excellent habitats for migratory birds as well. Being such integral portions of biosphere, wetlands are under constant threats like eutrophication, siltation, invasion of alien species, pollution, agricultural runoff etc. This review article is based upon desk review different published and unpublished literatures from national level and provides detail information on updated wetlands of international importance of Nepal, along with present scenario, biodiversity value and threats that the wetlands are facing and is expected to help in shaping future course actions for wise use and sustainable management of wetlands in Nepal.

In Nepal, there are three types of water service providers; two types of government-managed service providers covering urban and municipal areas, and community-managed service providers called Water Users and Sanitation Associations (WUSAs). This study aims to assess the current water supply service levels and water supply inequalities of WUSAs in terms of water consumption, supply hours, and customer satisfaction. Among the three types of water service providers, WUSAs offered the best performance in terms of their low non-revenue water (NRW) rates and production costs, high bill collection rates, and long supply hours. During the COVID-19 lockdown, water consumption increased, but bill payment notably decreased, possibly due to restricted movement and hesitation by customers to make payments. The multiple-year water consumption variations illustrated the uneven water consumption behavior of customers. Despite the variation in water supply hours, Lorenz curves, Gini coefficients (G), and water consumption analysis depicted low inequalities (G ≈ 0.20–0.28) and adequate water consumption among WUSAs even in 2019–2020. In the three WUSAs, more than 90%, 74%, and 38% of customers consumed water above the basic, medium, and high levels, respectively. Thus, maintaining high service levels of WUSAs is instrumental in achieving Goal 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nepal.