Objectives:We evaluated the association between breast cancer and breast density (BD) measured using fully automated software. We also evaluated the performance of cancer risk models such as only clinical risk factors, density related measures, and both clinical risk factors and density-related measures for determining cancer risk.Materials and Methods:This is a retrospective case–control study. The data were collected from August 2015 to December 2018. Two hundred fifty women with breast cancer and 400 control subjects were included in this study. We evaluated the BD qualitatively using breast imaging-reporting and data system density and quantitatively using 3D slicer. We also collected clinical factors such as age, familial history of breast cancer, menopausal status, number of births, body mass index, and hormonal replacement therapy use. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) for BD to determine the risk of breast cancer. We performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to assess the performance of cancer risk models.Results:The OR for the percentage BD for second, third, and fourth quartiles was 1.632 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.102–2.416), 2.756 (95% CI: 1.704–4.458), and 3.163 (95% CI: 1.356–5.61). The area under ROC curve for clinical risk factors only, mammographic density measures, combined mammographic, and clinical risk factors was 0.578 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.64), 0.684 (95% CI: 0.58, 0.75), and 0.724 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.80), respectively.Conclusion:Mammographic BD was found to be positively associated with breast cancer. The density related measures combined clinical risk factors, and density model had good discriminatory power in identifying the cancer risk.
Objective: Hemodynamic changes may occur with the rapid intravenous injection of contrast media due to the osmolality of contrast media. This study is aimed to evaluate the blood pressure variation during the administration of intravascular contrast media in contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the abdomen.Methods: The study was performed in 146 subjects, who underwent abdomen CT scan with 64-slice Philips Brilliance CT scanner in the department of radio-diagnosis and imaging. Using convenience sampling technique, 73 subjects who were referred for CECT abdomen scan and another 73 subjects who were referred for non-CECT (NCECT) abdomen scan were included in the study. Among the CECT group, intravascular contrast media was injected into the patient during the scan. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded just before and immediately after the scan in CECT and NCECT groups, by two readers independently. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure for both groups was calculated with standard deviation. The data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA.Results: Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased with the injection of contrast media among CECT scan group. No significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found before and after the scan of NCECT group.Conclusion: An increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures is associated with the intravascular administration of non-ionic low-osmolar contrast media.
Background: Bone Mineral density (BMD) is considered as one of the golden tool to measure the bone quality in which two measurements namely T-Score and Z -score are used to report the BMD test results. Whenever there is deterioration of BMD it is associated with low skeletal mass. Creatinine is a chemical waste molecule that is generated from this muscle metabolism. Creatinine is a good marker for muscle mass. However, limited studies have been done which tell us the association between BMD loss and serum creatinine (SCr) levels.Methodology: 200 participants who were referred for CECT abdomen and pelvis were scanned using 128 slice Philips Brilliance CT. Using BMD software, four different vertebral bodies from L1-L4 were taken and ROI was placed at the central portion of the trabecular bone, two reference ROI's, one in retro spinal muscle and one in fat tissue were also placed. To measure CT attenuation value, a ROI graphic tool was drawn at the trabecular bone. Average HU of BMD, T score and Z score values were taken from L1-L4. Statistical Analysis:The data was analysed using SSPS version 16.0. For assessment of normal BMD values, the results of measurements were averaged for age, creatinine level, T score and Z score and descriptive statistics was calculated. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to estimate the correlation between serum creatinine with T score and Z score.Results: T Score and SCr correlated negatively at -0.25. The correlation between Z Score and SCr was also negatively correlated at -0.187. Conclusion:It was evident from the study findings, that there is a non-association between SCr and T Score levels which showed that BMD of a person was not associated with normal kidney function. Thus, SCr levels cannot be used as a biomarker for osteoporosis or osteopenia.
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