The aim of this investigation was to determine the impact of orthognathic surgery on quality of life in patients with dentofacial deformities at immediate presurgery and at 3-week, 3-month, and 6-month intervals following the surgery. Subjects included forty-three 18–40-year-old Iranian orthognathic patients who were referred to private offices in Isfahan. Data collection was performed using the 22-item Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ). Participants completed the questionnaire prior to surgery and 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after it. Differences and correlations were calculated by the two-tailed t-test, ANOVA with Repeated Measure test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed significant reduction returned to baseline in OQLQ mean scores and aesthetic, awareness, and social subdomains in all 3 intervals after surgery. However oral function domain showed an increase at T2 and then a decrease at next intervals. Maximum and minimum effect size were observed in aesthetic (ES = 0.7) and oral function (ES = 0.3) domain, respectively. Based on the finding of this study, in 6-month interval after surgery, orthognathic surgery causes significant improvements in quality of life in patients with dentofacial deformities as assessed in emotional, psychological, oral function, and social domains and maximum changes occurred in emotional domain.

Background:Educational failure is one of the most important problems in higher education institutes in Iran. This study was performed to investigate the factors affecting students’ academic failure in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 280 students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were studied in 2009. They were chosen using multiple cluster sampling. The students’ demographic characteristics and study information were collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were analyzed with SPSS (15) software.Results:The most important factors affecting educational failure from students’ point of view were: curriculum (4.23 ± 0.63), factors related to educator (3.88 ± 0.55), learning environment (3.63 ± 0.62), family factors (3.53 ± 0.6), socioeconomic factors (3.45 ± 0.69). There is a significant relationship between attitudes of students in two sexes and educator (P = 0.03) and socioeconomic environment (P = 0.003). In addition, the results did not show a significant difference between attitudes of students with age, marital status and employment status (P > 0.05).Conclusion:More attention to curriculum, factors related to educator and learning environment can prevent students’ educational failure, in addition to preventing loss of resources and contribute to develop a more effective educational system.

Purpose:Despite the importance of patients believes as one of the most important predictors of treatment adherence behavior, it is rarely considered in numerous studies. Then the current survey was aimed to develop and study the beliefs about medicines questionnaire (BMQ) in patients with hypertension.Materials and Methods:The BMQ developed by Horn and et al. was used in the current study. This questionnaire included 18 questions in both public and private beliefs regarding drug. Face and content validity of the tool was investigated using expert’s panel. In final, aforementioned tool was tested in 612 participants. To explore structure validity and internal consistency, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and alpha coefficient was conducted. To evaluate the final validity of instrument, the mean score of the beliefs about medicines of patients with appropriate medication adherence were compared to patients without medication adherence.Results:The mean age of patients was 44.08 ± 10.38 years. Women were 314 of participants. Calculated face validity by the impact score for each item indicated that all the items of the questionnaire had the impact score of more than 1.5. In total, all items had scored higher than 0.79 by considering 18 items for content validity. The average of content validity index for the questionnaire was 0.93. Load of factors were in the range of 0.51 to 0.79. Four items explained % 57 of the total variance. Comparison of all instrument items in the two groups showed that patients with good adherence had higher score in 15 items (% 83 of all items).Conclusion:The findings suggested that the BMQ in patients with hypertension as a valid and reliable instrument can be used to evaluate the patients’ medication adherence.

Background:The higher prevalence rate of influenza A among adolescence emphasizes the importance of preventative strategies among this age group of population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive behaviors of high school students regarding type A influenza, in Shahrekord, Iran.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 313 high school students were enrolled. Preventive behaviors of influenza A was evaluated by components of the Health Belief Model (HBM), using a questionnaire which its reliability was verified through a pilot study (alpha score 0.8). Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics, independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.Findings:Mean age of the students was 16.31 years. Knowledge, perceived severity and perceived barriers were in the modest level among the students. The highest scores were related to perceived susceptibility (75.4%) and perceived benefit (55.6%). Mass media was the main source of their information regarding influenza A.Conclusion:Considering the findings of this study and the relation between HBM components and the preventive behaviors of students, it seems that using HBM could be useful in improving preventive behaviors of influenza A among the studied population.

BACKGROUND:This study was aimed at developing and studying the scale of self-efficacy in adherence to treatment in Iranian patients with hypertension.METHODS:A mix-method study was conducted on the two stages: in the first phase, a qualitative study was done using content analysis through deep and semi-structured interviews. After data analysis, the draft of tool was prepared. Items in the draft were selected based on the extracted concepts. In the second phase, validity and reliability of the instrument were implemented using a quantitative study. The prepared instrument in the first phase was studied among 612 participants. To test the construct validity and internal consistency, exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used, respectively. To study the validity of the final scale, the average score of self-efficacy in patients with controlled hypertension were compared with patients with uncontrolled hypertension.RESULTS:In overall, 16 patients were interviewed. Twenty-six items were developed to assess different concepts of self-efficacy. Concept-related items were extracted from interviews to study the face validity of the tool from patient's point of view. Four items were deleted because scored 0.79 in content validity. The mean of questionnaire content validity was 0.85. Items were collected in two factors with an eigenvalue >1. Four items were deleted with load factor <0.4. Reliability was 0.84 for the entire instrument.CONCLUSION:Self-efficacy scale in patients with hypertension is a valid and reliable instrument that can effectively evaluate the self-efficacy in medication adherence in the management of hypertension.

Background:Febrile convulsion is one of the most common problems in children aged 5 months to 6 years. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of an educational program on mothers for prevention of febrile seizure in children.Materials and Methods:In this clinical trial study, 88 mothers were chosen who were divided into intervention and control groups, randomly. Data of the control and intervention groups were collected in two stages, before intervention and 1 month after intervention, by a validated and reliable questionnaire. The intervention consisted of three educational sessions, each one lasting for 60 min. Data were analyzed using chi-square, t-test and paired t-test.Findings:Age average of subjects in the intervention group and in the control group was 26.75 and 26.84 years, respectively. The results showed a significant increase in the knowledge (P < 0.001), attitude (P = 0.04) and practice (P = 0.01) in the intervention group 1 month after intervention compared with that before intervention, while such an increase was not seen in the control group.Conclusion:This study confirmed the efficiency of educational interventions in improving mother's knowledge, attitude and practice regarding prevention of febrile seizure in children.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has various manifestations on different body organs, including the lungs, heart, kidneys, and central nervous system. However, the frequency of electrolyte abnormalities, especially hypophosphatemia, is still debated in this pandemic. Our main aim in this review is to evaluate the frequency and complications of hypophosphatemia in COVID-19-infected individuals. A systematic literature review was performed in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane electronic databases with the combination of different keywords till October 2021. We recruited all relevant published records (including cross-sectional and case-control studies as well as editorials and brief reports) assessing hypophosphatemia among patients with COVID-19 infection. After assessing all 928 recruited records and discarding duplicates, 4 records met the inclusion criteria. Three articles were further included during a manual search of the literature. Overall, the included studies reported 1757 subjects (males: 51.3%), with the mean age ranging from 37.2 ± 13.6 years to 65.9 ± 13.9 years. Hypophosphatemia prevalence has been reported from 7.6% to 19.5%. Patients with the severe status of COVID-19 had a higher prevalence of low serum phosphate levels than those with moderate infection. This review indicates that hypophosphatemia might be categorized as a complication in clinical settings during the COVID-19 pandemic, requiring a high clinical suspicion to implement appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to prevent life-threatening outcomes. However, it needs to be more elucidated by further studies whether hypophosphatemia in severe COVID-19 is directly related to COVID-19 or is just a complication of severe illness.

Short-term nutritional education based on the BASNEF educational model improves serum triglyceride levels and anthropometric indices in elderly patients with T2D.