The toxicity of water-ethanol extracts of garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), basil (Ocimum basilicum), bitter chaparro (Castela tortuousa), onion (Allium cepa) and papaya (Carica papaya) against adults, eggs and oncomiracidia of Neobenedenia spp. parasites was examined. Parasites were exposed to continuous immersion and treated as follows: extracts were tested at three dilutions: 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 made with filtered seawater (35 g l-1); ethanol (70%) was evaluated at the same dilutions of 1:10 (7% ethanol), 1:50 (1.4% ethanol) and 1:100 (0.07% ethanol) and a seawater (35 g l-1) control. The antiparasitic effect was measured on: (1) adult survival, egg production and time to detachment from the culture vessel; (2) egg development and cumulative egg hatching; and (3) oncomiracidia survival. All three dilutions of ginger and dilutions 1:100 and 1:50 of basil extract reduced adult survival in vitro, time to detachment from the surface of the culture vessel, egg production and oncomiracidia survival. Bitter chaparro extract reduced adult egg production and oncomiracidia survival. Hatching success was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in basil extract (1:100) to 86.6% compared to the seawater control (100%). Dilutions 1:10 of ginger and basil exhibited the highest impact on the biological parameters of Neobenedenia sp. Our study demonstrates that water-ethanol extracts of ginger, basil and bitter chaparro are toxic against Neobenedenia sp. life stages.
Background Homeopathy has been widely applied in freshwater species but rarely in marine fish. Farm stress destabilises host–pathogen equilibrium, favouring parasites and disease. Coccidian endoparasites cause intestinal infections and cell degeneration. Materials and Methods Naturally parasite-infested juvenile snapper Lutjanus guttatus (n = 430; weight 1.9 ± 0.01 g; length 4.9 ± 0.03 cm) specimens were distributed in group sizes of 43, in 10 fiberglass tanks (100 L) with aeration and continuous water change. Five groups in duplicate were assessed: Passival (PaV); Passival and Phosphoricum acid Similia (PaV–PhA); Passival and Silicea terra Similia (PaV–SiT); Endecto and Infecçoes (End–Inf) and a control (Ethanol) for 45 days. Feed was sprinkled with treatment (5% v/w) and dried to avoid ethanol side-effects. Statistical results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. Results Intestinal coccidia were recorded histopathologically, with the least incidence attained at T45 with End–Inf treatment (p < 0.001), coinciding with the highest lymphocyte (p = 0.015) count. Fish treated with PaV–PhA recorded a higher percentage of neutrophils (p = 0.015), and those treated with PaV–PhA, PaV–SiT and End–Inf revealed a decrease in lesions, degree of alteration and change in intestine and stomach tissues (p < 0.05). The number of mucous cells in gills was greater (p < 0.001) for End–Inf (43 ± 0.58), PaV–SiT (40 ± 2.89) and PaV–PhA (39 ± 3.46) as compared respectively with T0 and control (19 ± 0.58 and 28 ± 2.31). PaV and PaV–SiT increased carbohydrate reserves in liver (28.4 ± 1.39% and 22.4 ± 0.12%, respectively) compared with T0 and control (3.4 ± 0.32 and 5.6 ± 0.66%). The highest survival rate was 97.7 ± 0.16% in fish treated with PaV and End–Inf. Conclusion Homeopathic treatments had a positive effect on fish health. Besides the accumulation of metabolic reserves in the liver, homeopathic treatment was associated with mucin increase in gills as well as raised production of lymphocytes and neutrophils in blood, which could act as macrophages against intestinal coccidia.
Homeopathy medicines have been applied with positive results in agriculture, livestock and freshwater aquaculture. Commercial formulations such as Homeopatila? have been successfully evaluated in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) with measurable effects on growth, survival, and immune response during culture, management and transport. The spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus is a marine fish with meat of exceptional quality, and commercial importance because of its potential for marine aquaculture. To assess the value of homeopathy on health enhancement of the species, ten groups of 30 juveniles each (8.72 ? 4.07 g; 8.47 ? 1.24 cm) were cultivated for 30 days in 120 L fiberglass cylinders provided with continuous aeration and filtered (50 ?m) seawater daily exchanged by 900%. An experimental design with five different treatments, each one with two replicates, was developed to determine the effect of three homeopathic mixes: Hel-Mix, Pav-Mix, and Hel-Mix/Pav-Mix, and two control groups: No-Medication (NM) and Ethanol 300GL (E). Homeopathic medicines (31CH) in treated groups and E in control group were sprayed (5% V/W) in commercial balanced food (Silvercup?) and supplied ad-libitum five times a day. Growth in total length and live weight was expressed as percentage increase. A significant (p < 0.05) increase (T1?T0) in total length and live weight occurred with homeopathic treatments Hel-Mix/Pav-Mix (15.17% and 68.16%), Pav-Mix (11.50% and 55.04%) and Hel-Mix (9.88% and 47.83%). No significant (p < 0.05) increase (T1?T0) occurred with control treatments NM (5.39% and 13.97%) and E (0.11% and 5.40%). Significantly (p < 0.05) higher survival (93.1%) occurred in homeopathic treatments Pav-Mix and Hel-Mix, compared to homeopathic mix Hel-Mix/Pav-Mix (50%) and both control groups (48.21%). These results suggest that homeopathic medicines have potential application in marine fish aquaculture. We recommend studying overall response of broodstock, larvae and juveniles treated with homeopathic medicines to improve hatchery operations from spawning to stocking size.
Homeopathy is a discipline of medical science with successful application in humans, but its effects on growth, survival, immune response, and gene expression of species of plants and animals is still preliminary. We evaluated homeopathy in marine aquaculture of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei looking for an increase in resistance of shrimp to the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is associated with acute hepatopancreatitis and early mortality syndrome (EMS) that causes huge economic losses in commercial shrimp farms worldwide. Juvenile shrimp (8 g mean fresh weight) were cultivated with three homeopathic treatments for a four days period (Hel-Mix; Pav-Mix; Vid-Mix; Hel-Mix/Pav-Mix) and then challenged for 120 h against a pathogenic strain of V. parahaemolyticus (CAIM 170; www.ciad.mx/caim). The experimental design included two controls (NCH-Control untreated/not challenged; CH-Control untreated/challenged). Homeopathic medicines (31CH) sprayed in commercial balanced food (PIASA?; 35% protein) were provided ad libitum during both culture and challenge periods. Control groups received balanced food without homeopathy. As no mortality occurred with a first dose of 1 ? 106 CFU/ml (=LD50) of pathogen strain at the beginning of the challenge, a second dose was added 24 hours later. 96 hours after challenge, superoxide dismutase (SOD, percentage of inhibition) was 44.49% (Hel-Mix), 26.53% (Pav-Mix), 94.30% (Vid-Mix), 91.59 % (Hel-Mix/Pav-Mix ) and 41.63% (CH-Control) (p < 0.05). 120 hour after challenge, cumulative survival was 0% (Hel-Mix), 33.3% (Pav-Mix), 58.3% (Vid-Mix ), 50% (Hel-Mix/Pav-Mix), 100% (NCH-Control) and 0% (CH-Control). Hel-Mix/Pav-Mix and Vid-Mix increased survival and immune response in shrimp subjected to stressful conditions associated with V. parahaemolyticus, similarly to what happens in infected farms. It suggests that homeopathy has a great potential for application in shrimp aquaculture. Nevertheless, more studies are required to demonstrate that homeopathy can improve the eco-sustainability of aquaculture industry, by increasing health of cultured shrimp and the safety/inocuity of harvested shrimp for human consumption.
Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de medicamentos homeopáticos sobre la supervivencia y actividad de la enzima superóxido dismutasa (SOD) del camarón Litopenaeus vannamei sometido a infección con Vibrio parahamolyticus. Materiales y Métodos. Se determinó la dosis letal media (DL50) para la cepa patógena en juveniles de L. vannamei, bajo los método de inmersión (Inm), inyección (Iny) e incisión + inmersión (Inc+Inm).Luego el efecto de cuatro medicamentos homeopáticos sobre juveniles de L. vannamei retados con Vibrio parahaemolyticus fue evaluado usando el índice la supervivencia y la actividad SOD. Se aplicaron cuatro tratamientos: (1) Mezcla CIB®-HOM Heel-Mix (TH1), constituido por igual proporción v/v, de Cyme-Heel®, Gal-Heel®, Hepa-Heel®, Mucs-Heel® y Chol-Heel®; (2) Mezcla CIB®-HOM Pav-Mix (TH2), constituido por igual proporción v/v de Passiflora incarnata, Valeriana officinalis, Zincum valerianicum e Ignatia amara (Similia®); (3) Heel-Mix/Pav-Mix (TH3) constituido por una combinación 1:1 v/v de los tratamientos TH1 y TH2, y (4) ViT-Mix (TH4), constituido por Vidatox®, y un control (no tratado/infectado). Resultados. Al aplicar los método Inm, Iny e Inc+Inm la DL50 fue de 0.9 x 106; 0.6 x 106 y 0.5 x 106 UFC.mL-1, respectivamente. Los camarones tratados con TH3 y TH4 presentaron una mayor actividad de SOD con respecto al grupo control (p<0.05). Al final del reto, los grupos TH2, TH3 y TH4 tuvieron una supervivencia mayor a la del grupo control (p<0.05). Conclusiones. Los tratamientos homeopáticos (TH3 y TH4), aumentaron la actividad de la enzima SOD y la supervivencia en juveniles de L. vannamei, retados con V. parahaemolyticus. Esto sugiere que los tratamientos homeopáticos empleados tienen potencial como alternativa para el control de V. parahaemolyticus y sus enfermedades asociadas, incluido el síndrome de mortalidad temprana en el cultivo del camarón
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