Background
Entada phaseoloides
is a well-known medicinal plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries.
Objective
To evaluate the anti-stress activity of seeds of
E. phaseoloides
in endoplasmic reticulum stress during chronic restrain stress in mice, based on our preliminary screening.
Materials and Methods
Mice (n = 6/group) were restrained daily for 6 h in 50 ml polystyrene tubes for 28 days. Methanolic extract of
E. phaseoloides
(MEEP) (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and standard drug, imipramine (10 mg/kg i.p.) were administered daily 45 min prior to restrain from day 22–28. Then, forced swim test (FST) was performed to assess despair behavior. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant enzymes Reduced glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in the hippocampus of mice. 78 kDa Glucose-regulated Protein, 94 kDa Glucose-regulated Protein, C/EBP homologous protein, Caspase-12 expression were quantified by Real Time PCR.
Results
MEEP significantly reduced the immobility time in FST (
P
< 0.001). Significant reduction of LPO (
P
< 0.05) level and restored antioxidant enzymes viz. GSH (
P
< 0.001) and SOD towards vehicle control group were observed. Down-regulation of genes GRP 78, GRP 94 (
P
< 0.001), CHOP and Caspase-12 (
P
< 0.001) as compared to the chronic restrain stress group was evident, which were upregulated following treatment. Isolation of the active components of the seeds revealed the presence of Oleic acid (
1
), Entadamide A (
2
), Entadamide A-beta-
d
-glucopyranoside (
3
) and 1-O-protocatechuoyl-β-
d
-glucose.
Conclusion
MEEP altered endoplasmic reticulum stress in chronic restrain stressed mice; however, as an antidepressant it showed a weaker response.
Textile dyeing industries are one of the major culprits for environmental pollution. The industries are adopting various processes for the removal of dyes and chemicals from the effluent before disposing to the land or water bodies. In the reported study, biochars were prepared from almond, coconut, and mustard oil cakes by chemical activation with phosphoric acid followed by low temperature pyrolysis. The ball milling technique was employed to reduce the particle size of the biochars below 300 nm. The synthesized biochars were used for the removal of color from the acid dye effluent from the wool dyeing unit. The results showed that very small quantities (2.0 %) of biochars are sufficient to remove around 92% color from the dye effluent. The batch adsorption and kinetic studies indicate the highest efficiency of color removal for the biochar derived from almond oil cake, followed by mustard and coconut. The adsorption properties of the synthesized biochars were found to be greatly depending on the type of oil cake used. It is concluded that the biochars produced from the oil cakes may be a partial replacement of petroleum based activated carbon for the color removal from wool textile dye effluent.
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