The chapter analyses the adoption and deployment of traditional 'command-and-control' regulations and 'new' environmental policy instruments (NEPIs) as they occur in practice in five different jurisdictions, namely Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and United Kingdom (UK) as well as the European Union (EU) since the early 1970s. It focuses on three different types of NEPIs -informational instruments, voluntary agreements and market-based instrumentsand examines how and why they have become mixed in different jurisdictions.It argues that whilst there has been a significant uptake of NEPIs in all five jurisdictions, important differences have remained as regards the composition of instrument mixes in particular jurisdictions. Adopting a longitudinal perspective allows for the identification of leaders, followers and laggards for different types of NEPIs. Although there may be a theoretical 'optimal mix' of policy instruments, in reality patterns of adoption and deployment are very strongly influenced by a mixture of contingent factors which vary within and across jurisdictions, over time.
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