Abiotic stresses are non-living factors with negative morphological and physiological effects on living organisms. Substantial evidence exists that gene expression changes during plant cell growth are regulated by chromatin reconfiguration and histone modification. Several types of histone modifications are dramatically transformed in stress-responsive gene regions under drought stress conditions. Environmental stresses also cause the root apical meristem (RAM) region to decelerate root growth. In this study, we investigated how quantitative changes in epigenetic markers in this region influence rice morphology and physiology. Both iron and salinity treatments changed the epigenetic landscape from euchromatic to heterochromatic according to heterochromatin (H3K9me2) and euchromatin (H3K4me) markers, especially in the proximal meristem region.Moreover, supplementation with external abscisic acid (ABA) was able to mimic the effect of environmental stresses on global epigenetic changes. In contrast, the addition of external auxin (IAA) to rice under saline conditions affected heterochromatin formation without influencing euchromatin transformation. Chromatin dynamics is therefore believed to be directly connected to plant growth regulator signaling. We discuss insights into the role of plant growth regulators; ABA and IAA, peroxide signaling and their effects on the global epigenetic change of histone modification under abiotic stresses.
Rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) affected grain yield and decreasing rice production in rice growing countries. Conde, Indonesian rice variety, exhibits high resistance to most of the Indonesian races of (BLB) and has been used in Indonesia for cultivated rice. This study was aimed to conduct the molecular detection between proximal markers in chromosome 6 and relative expression of Conde rice variety compare to IRBB7 in Xa7 region. The population screening, BLB evaluation and molecular detection around the Xa7 region were conducted. The results showed from the collection of individual recombinants between resistant and susceptible parents narrow the region containing the BTBPOZ domain. The sequence alignment of Xa7LD37 in two resistant and three susceptible cultivars demonstrated a perfect association. The sequence alignment in exon region of Loc_Os06g46240 in Nipponbare, IRBB7, and IR64 identified indel/SNPs in this region leading to nucleotide substitution and frameshift resulting in amino acid change between resistant and susceptible cultivars. It was predicted that Conde revealed the similar gene action with Xa7 gene for BLB that encodes a BTB POZ domain.
The development of transgenic crop using Agrobacterium tumefaciens produces different inserted transgenes, whether copy numbers or location in the plant genome. The research was performed to detect chimeric phenomena based on the transgene quantity analysis in tillers of a clump and of some clumps which were derived from the same calli. CsNitr1-L gene and hptII gene as a marker on a binary plasmid pCAMBIA1300 was transformed into the Nipponbare rice genome using A. tumefaciens strain LBA 4404. Molecular analysis was carried out on three tillers of each four clumps of Nipponbare transgenic T 0 generation (events number 1, 2, 3, and 4) and four groups of T 0 clump derived from one callus. Three T 0 clump samples were collected from each of the four groups of T 0 clumps. The results of qPCR analysis showed that the transgene copy numbers of tillers which were derived from one T 0 clump were the same. qPCR analysis also discovered that not all plants from one callus demonstrated the same transgene copy numbers. This implies that each T 0 rice clump which grows from the transformed calli was needed to be split in the acclimatization step so that the uniform T 1 seeds would be obtained. Keywords:Copy number, qPCR, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Nipponbare. ABSTRAKPerakitan tanaman transgenik dengan bantuan Agrobacterium tumefaciens menghasilkan penyisipan transgen yang berbeda, baik dalam jumlah salinan maupun letak transgen dalam genom tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan kimera berdasarkan analisis jumlah salinan transgen pada tiap anakan dalam satu rumpun dan beberapa rumpun padi Nipponbare transforman T 0 yang berasal dari kalus yang sama. Gen CsNitr1-L dan hptII sebagai penanda pada plasmid biner pCAMBIA1300 ditranformasikan ke dalam genom tanaman padi kultivar Nipponbare dengan bantuan A. tumefaciens strain LBA 4404. Analisis molekuler dilakukan terhadap tiga anakan masing-masing dari empat rumpun tanaman Nipponbare transgenik generasi T 0 (event 1, 2, 3, dan 4) dan empat kelompok rumpun tanaman T 0 yang berasal dari kalus yang sama. Dari setiap kelompok tersebut diambil tiga rumpun T 0 . Hasil analisis qPCR menunjukkan bahwa anakan yang berasal dari rumpun tanaman T 0 yang sama memiliki jumlah salinan transgen yang seragam. Selain itu, hasil analisis qPCR juga menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua tanaman yang berasal dari kalus yang sama memiliki jumlah salinan transgen yang seragam. Implikasi hasil penelitian ini adalah setiap rumpun padi T 0 yang tumbuh dari kalus hasil transformasi perlu dipisahkan saat aklimatisasi agar benih T 1 yang dihasilkan seragam.
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