This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some neonicotinoid insecticides including, Actara 25 WDG (foliar and soil treatment), Confidor 200 SL, Calypso 480 SC, Polo, Confidor 5 G against cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci on Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) during the growing season of 2018. The results revealed that the highest population of the adults was concentrated on the upper leaves at the new growth of the plant, while the majority of nymphs were found on the middle leaves of the plant, and the females preferred to lay the eggs on the upper leaves because the highest proportion of eggs was found on the upper leaves. The foliar application of Actara and confidor were significantly effective against the whiteflies after one day of treatment. While the soil treatments of the Actara and Confidor showed the least efficiency at one day after the treatment; all treatments except Polo were significantly superior over control in decreasing the population of the nymphs at the day 14 after the treatment. Polo did not show any efficiency in the reduction of the number of live nymphs. The data on efficacy of the tested neonicotinoid insecticides against the B. tabaci on the eggplant under the greenhouse showed different efficiency according to the treatment method. At one day after the application, foliar spraying of Actara and Calypso were the most efficient; and the efficacy of all tested insecticides increased up to the day 14 after application, and foliar treatment of Actara gave the highest efficacy after 14 days.
The Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790) is a devastating invasive pest of palm trees, invading the Iraqi date palm tree in 2015 for the first time in Safwan county, Basrah province. The Red Palm weevil has been categorized as a quarantine pest of date palm trees worldwide. In this study, a five years monitoring program has been achieved by scouting the invasive pest RPW population in Safwan county by using visual sampling and Pheromone baited traps. The results indicated that the number of infested palms, increased from 12 trees in 2015 to 111 in 16 orchards in 2016. The number of the infested palms was minimized to 3 trees in the county in 2019 due to the management protocol of the Ministry of Agriculture. Furthermore, the results of RPW adults appeared monthly in the county with two activity peaks during the moderate-temperature-months. In conclusion, the quarantine and management protocol of RPW decreased the population of the invasive pest which did not spread to other districts of Iraq.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) is an important vegetable crop in Iraq. This horticultural crop is attacked by several insect pest species. Among them, the white y Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) are the major threat of greenhouse tomatoes in Basrah province in south Iraq. The management of these pests is heavily based on application of chemical pesticides. Vast application of pesticides caused harmful damage to the environment, human health and may increasing the risk of pest resistance on insect populations. One of the promising strategies which are compatible with organic farming is application of silicon for enhancing plant vigor and resistance to pest damage on various agricultural crops. Due to these facts, the experiments have been carried out at Basrah University to evaluate the effects of silicon (Si) fertilization on tomato plants for reducing damage of these two major pests. Treatments comprised two type of Si applications (Soil drench treatment and foliar spraying) with four Si concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2%) of AB Yellow ® silicic acid formulation. The population density of B. tabaci and T. absoluta were studied weekly during the growth season. The results clearly demonstrated that Silicon applications signi cantly decreased the population of immature of both white ies and tomato leaf miner on tomato crop in the greenhouse; Si-Foliar spraying was more effective in reducing the population density of these key pests compared to Si-soil drench application.
Date palm borers become a serious threat to date palm plantations in Iraq, which required management program to suppress their population by using different methods; one of them is the light traps which disseminated in Basrah province. The objective of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of light traps as a part of pest management tool. In three years monitoring of coleopteran adults, rhinoceros beetles Oryctes spp. and longhorn date palm borer Jebusaea hammerschmidtii infesting the date palm Phoenix dactylifera were reported by using light traps in different regions of Basrah, Iraq. Due to the result of the abundance of the borers, Oryctes spp. were the most dominant and most important causing severe damage for the date palm. Four species of Oryctes (O. agamemnon, O. elegans, O. sahariensis and O. sinaicus) were recorded in Basrah date palm orchards; the seasonal activity of the species was between April and May, reaching the peaks during summer, and the populations decreased gradually till December. The overall sex ratios of all species of Oryctes spp. were male-biased except O. elegans, which had the sex ratio of 1.13 female: 1 male. Results revealed that the light traps exhibit an effective control method to suppress the adult borer’s population and as a physical control and monitoring tool of date palm stem borers.
Field and laboratory studies were conducted to assess the sensitivity of 12 varieties of local wheat varieties (IPA-95, IPA-99, Abu-Ghreib, Babel-113, Bhooth-10, Bhooth-22, and Bhooth-158, Baraka, Tammuz, Fatih, Latifia and Rasheed) against infestation by Greenbug Shizaphis graminum and Bird-Cherry Oat Aphid Rhopalosihum padi in the province of Basrah. The field trial was carried out in Al-Nashwa district, county of Shatt Al-Arab, during the growing season 2019/2020. The first infestation of R. padi appeared on 9/1/2020, and reached the peak of population density on 30/1/2020, while the first appearance of S. graminum was on 17/1/2020; it reached its peak on 13/2/2020. The results of responses of local wheat varieties to the infestation of Greenbug showed that the highest average population density of greenbug was on Bhooth-158, Abu-Ghraib, Bhooth-22, and Babel-113 reaching 51.59, 17.84, 16.41, and 16.63 aphids/plant, respectively. Whereas the lowest population densities were at Fatih, Tammuz, Bhooth-10, Rasheed, and IPA-99, with averages of 8.28, 8.09, 8.87, 7.19, and 7.62 aphids.plant-1, respectively. The highest density rate of R. padi was recorded on the cultivars IPA-95 and Abu-Ghraib, with an average of 139.83 and 169.31 aphids.plant-1 respectively, while the verities Bhooth-22, Bhooth-158, and IPA-99 recorded the lowest population density rate (89.03, 99.41, and 100.25 aphids.plant-1) compared to the other varieties. The results of the chemical analysis determined the proportions of some metabolites of the local wheat varieties and their relationship to the infestation of Greenbug and showed that phenols have an effective role by reducing the population density of aphids. The verities Rasheed and IPA-99 which recorded low population rates of the aphids have the highest rates of phenols at a rate of 7 and 6.78 mg.100g-1 dry weight Also, varieties Abu-Ghraib, IPA-99, and Rasheed cultivars recorded the highest productivity rates (weight of thousand grains), with an average of 33.47, 43, and 67.42 g, respectively.
Phenols were extracted from both leaves of Henna Lawsonia inermis and fruit husk of pomegranate Punica granatum and it was used in laboratory bioassays to assess their effectiveness to control the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari : Tetranychidae). Pomegranate phenol was more effective (mortality rates 60.55, 71.10 and 56.66%) compared with Henna Phenol (mortality rates , 58.33, 59.44 and 46.66%) at concentration 1.0% test with two spotted mite adult , nymph and egg respectively. The most promising phenol (Pomegranate) was prepared as Phenol-Ureaformaldehyde Copolymer. The copolymer appeared high toxic effect ,caused mortality of T.urticae adult, reached 61.66 % at the more effective concentration of 1.0% after 24h of spraying application, the mortality enhance with increase time of treatment , to give rate 75% after 72h of application. The mortality of nymph had increased, it ranged from 50 to 88.33% at concentration mentioned before. Egg mortality rates were reached 66.66% in copolymer treatment at concentration 1.0% after 72h of application. The toxic effect found in this study could be attributed to phenol. Polymerization method offers the possibility of use phenol in controlled drug release systems.
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