Defective aquaporin4 (AQP4)-mediated glymphatic drainage has been linked to tauopathy and amyloid plaque in Alzheimer’s disease. We now show that brain interleukin33 (IL33) is required for regulation of AQP4 expression in astrocytes, especially those at neuron-facing membrane domain (n-AQP4). First, IL33-deficient (Il33−/−) mice showed a loss of n-AQP4 after middle age, which coincided with a rapid accumulation of abnormal tau in neurons and a reduction in drainage of abnormal tau to peripheral tissues. Second, injection of recombinant IL33 induced robust expression of AQP4 at perivascular endfoot (p-AQP4) of astrocytes, but not n-AQP4, in Il33−/− brains. Although the increased p-AQP4 greatly accelerated drainage of intracerebroventricularly injected peptides, it did not substantially accelerate drainage of abnormal tau. These results suggest that p-AQP4 drives overall convective flow toward perivenous space, i.e., glymphatics, whereas n-AQP4 may generate an aqueous flow away from neurons to remove neuronal wastes, e.g., abnormal tau. We have previously shown the role of brain IL33 in DNA repair and autophagy in neurons with oxidative stress. Now, we show that IL33 deficiency also impairs glymphatic drainage. Defects in those mechanisms together may lead to chronic neurodegeneration and tauopathy at old age in IL33-deficient mice.

Ovarian macrophages, which play critical roles in various ovarian events, are probably derived from multiple lineages. Thus, a systemic classification of their subsets is a necessary first step for determination of their functions. Utilizing antibodies to five phagocyte markers, i.e. IA/IE (major histocompatibility complex class II), F4/80, CD11b (Mac-1), CD11c, and CD68, this study investigated subsets of ovarian phagocytes in mice. Three-color immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, together with morphological observation on isolated ovarian cells, demonstrated complicated phenotypes of ovarian phagocytes. Four macrophage and one dendritic cell subset, in addition to many minor phagocyte subsets, were identified. A dendritic cell-like population with a unique phenotype of CD11c high IA/IE K F4/80 K was also frequently observed. A preliminary age-dependent study showed dramatic increases in IA/IE C macrophages and IA/IE C dendritic cells after puberty. Furthermore, immunofluorescences on ovarian sections showed that each subset displayed a distinct tissue distribution pattern. The pattern for each subset may hint to their role in an ovarian function. In addition, partial isolation of ovarian macrophage subset using CD11b antibodies was attempted. Establishment of this isolation method may have provided us a tool for more precise investigation of each subset's functions at the cellular and molecular levels.

Four patients who developed symptoms of Goodpasture’s syndrome during the winter 1971–1972 from a geographic area of about a 25mile radius have been studied. There was an epidemiological association between these cases and a concurrent outbreak of influenza A₂; however, corroborative virologic or serologic evidence could not be obtained. All patients had typical clinical manifestations of severe pulmonary and renal disease. Immunofluorescence studies revealed linear deposits of IgG in all glomeruli studied. C3 was present in three of the four in a granular pattern. Properdin was present in one and C4 in each of the three patients studied.

Inter-molecular epitope spreading during autoimmune pathogenesis leads to generation of new pathogenic epitopes on other autoantigens beyond the original one. It raises an important question as whether autoimmunity extends beyond the target tissues if new epitopes are on the molecules shared with other tissues. This study is aimed addressing this question in a rat anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis model induced by a T cell epitope of glomerulus-specific collagen4α3. We have demonstrated inter-molecular B cell epitope spreading. Four novel epitopes were first identified by screening a phage display random peptide library against autoantibodies isolated from the GBM of immunized rats. All four epitopes were derived from GBM proteins with three from laminins and one from collagen4α4. Three out of four synthetic peptides were nephritogenic. Importantly, two peptides from lamininα1 and lamininβ1, respectively, induced severe inflammation in glomeruli but not in the interstitial tissues, despite the presence of more abundant laminins in the tubular basement membranes. Our study suggests that surrounding tissues may display a lower or altered susceptibility to autoimmune inflammation. Thus, preventing extension of autoimmune inflammation beyond the original target tissue.

Discovery of immune tolerance mechanisms, which inhibit pre-existing autoimmune inflammation, may provide us with new strategies for treating autoimmune diseases. We have identified a CD8αα+MHC-II+ cell with professional APC capacity during our investigation on spontaneous recovery from autoimmune glomerulonephritis in a rat model. This cell actively invades inflamed target tissue and further terminates an on-going autoimmune inflammation by selective killing of effector autoreactive T cells. Now, we showed that this cell used a cytotoxic machinery of Ly49s+ NK cells in killing of target T cells. Thus, this CD8αα+MHC-II+ cell was a dually functional antigen presenting NK-like (AP-NK) cell. Following its coupling with target T cells through antigen presentation, killing stimulatory receptor Ly49s6 and co-receptor CD8αα on this cell used non-classic MHC-I RT1CE16 on the target T cells as a ligand to initiate killing. Thus, activated effector T cells with elevated expression of RT1CE16 were highly susceptible to the killing by the CD8αα+ AP-NK cell. Granule cytolytic perforin/granzyme C from this cell subsequently mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, inhibition of granzyme C effectively attenuated the killing. As it can recognize and eliminate effector autoreactive T cells in the inflamed target tissue, CD8αα+ AP-NK cell not only represents a new type of immune cell involved in immune tolerance, but also is a potential candidate for developing a cell-based therapy for pre-existing autoimmune diseases.

BackgroundInflammation is the hallmark of nephrotoxic nephritis. Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1), a pro-survival factor, inhibits macrophages, stabilizes endothelial barrier function, and diminishes trans-endothelial migration of leukocytes; consistently, transgenic (Tg) overexpression of STC1 protects from nephrotoxic nephritis. Herein, we sought to determine the phenotype of nephrotoxic nephritis after conditional and kidney-specific knockdown of STC1.MethodsWe used Tg mice that, express either STC1 shRNA (70% knockdown of STC1 within 4d) or scrambled shRNA (control) upon delivery of Cre-expressing plasmid to the kidney using ultrasound microbubble technique. Sheep anti-mouse GBM antibody was administered 4d after shRNA activation; and mice were euthanized 10 days later for analysis.ResultsSerum creatinine, proteinuria, albuminuria and urine output were similar 10 days after anti-GBM delivery in both groups; however, anti-GBM antibody delivery to mice with kidney-specific knockdown of STC1 produced severe nephrotoxic nephritis, characterized by severe tubular necrosis, glomerular hyalinosis/necrosis and massive cast formation, while control mice manifested mild tubular injury and crescentic glomerulonephritis. Surprisingly, the expression of cytokines/chemokines and infiltration with T-cells and macrophages were also diminished in STC1 knockdown kidneys. Staining for sheep anti-mouse GBM antibody, deposition of mouse C3 and IgG in the kidney, and antibody response to sheep IgG were equal.Conclusionsnephrotoxic nephritis after kidney-specific knockdown of STC1 is characterized by severe tubular and glomerular necrosis, possibly due to loss of STC1-mediated pro-survival factors, and we attribute the paucity of inflammation to diminished release of cytokines/chemokines/growth factors from the necrotic epithelium.

There is sufficient reason to believe that drugs are inappropriately prescribed for and used by children who demonstrate learning and behavioral problems. The shortcomings of an exclusively medical or clinical approach to the administration and supervision of drug therapy are discussed. To insure precautions in the prescription and surveillance of drug treatment, certain minimal standards are proposed: (1) translation of the clinical diagnosis into measurable naturalistic behaviors; (2) collection of data by parents and teachers on behaviors to determine severity of the syndrome; (3) situational validation or disconfirmation of the clinical diagnosis; and (4) when indicated, formative assessment of drug treatment. The use of these four standards is illustrated with a preschooler who was scheduled for drug treatment. Resulting data permitted reconsideration of the clinical diagnosis and preempting of drug treatment.

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