Oil recovery is a complex process involving physical and chemical interactions within the pore spaces of the reservoir. The oil recovery improves by injecting viscous and wettability-altering fluids into the reservoir. The present work aims to study the improvement in the recovery using surfactant polymer (SP) slug and discuss the mechanisms behind the oil mobilization process by visualizing the oil recovery using a glass tube filled with glass beads. Fluids were injected using a syringe pump, and the interaction of the fluid was visualized using a high-speed camera. Initially, the oil was displaced using brine which was followed by the injection of SP slug formulated using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) and Poly Acrylamide (PAM). The effect of the composition of the slug was studied at different concentrations 125ppm, 250ppm, 375ppm, and 500ppm. After that, the effect of flow rate of SP slug on the oil recovery process was explored. Colored non-interacting dyes aided the visualization in the glass model. Images of the oil recovery process were captured to examine the fluid displacement mechanism during SP flooding.
The total oil recovery increases from 73.33% to 83.33%, as the polymer concentration was increased gradually from 125 ppm to 500 ppm at a flow rate of 100 µL/min which further increases to 90% for 500 ppm slug at 500 µL/min of flow rate. High-quality magnified images from the camera captured the flow path of each fluid injected through the glass bead-packed channel. The effect of various forces like capillary, gravity, and viscous forces were visualized and analyzed. The pore throat and pore-diameter calculations were done using the software. The low viscous slug was subjected to higher gravity force, rendering it ineffective in displacing the oil present at the channel's top. The gravity segregation was overpowered by high viscous slugs that mobilized the oil present in the channel. The understanding and analysis of the fluid motion under oil-brine interaction and SP slug-oil interactions was studied. The study helps improve the techno-economic feasibility of the whole recovery process by limiting the use of chemicals and maximizing the oil recovery in a controlled manner.
For
the successful cementing operation of petroleum wells, the
design of cement slurry plays a crucial role. Cement slurry must address
the requirements of higher compressive strength; lower fluid loss;
durability; and high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) challenges.
A large number of chemical additives in cement slurry affects the
required rheological properties; therefore, the development of multifunctional
additives is desirable. In the present study, this problem has been
addressed with the use of a single polymeric nanocomposite additive
to address multiple requirements. A novel tetrapolymer nanocomposite
(TPN) was synthesized in the laboratory by in situ polymerization
in the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Four monomers, namely
acrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, vinyl phosphonic
acid, and N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide,
were selected for the in situ polymerization reaction. The synthesized
product was characterized using 1H NMR, FTIR, and TGA techniques.
Laboratory-synthesized TPN was mixed in varying concentrations in
the cement slurry as an additive. The performance of the enhanced
cement slurry was then evaluated by performing compressive strength
analysis and a filtration test using an ultrasonic cement analyzer
and an HPHT filter press, respectively. These experimental analyses
show that the addition of the TPN improved the compressive strength
of the cement slurry and, at the same time, abbreviated the fluid
loss, which is desired for efficient cementing operation. With the
addition of 1.0% by weight of cement (BWOC) of TPN, the compressive
strength increased by ∼136% compared with base cement. Additionally,
this small dosage also reduced HPHT fluid loss by ∼67%. This
experimental investigation shows that the novel TPN additive is capable
of improving the efficacy of oil-well cement slurry at high-temperature
conditions without compromising on thickening time because the additive
also improved the waiting-on-cement time for HPHT conditions.
Speech recognition applications are becoming more and more useful now a days. Various interactive speech aware applications are available in the market. But they are usually meant for and executed on the traditional general purpose computers. With growth in the needs for embedded computing and the demand for emerging embedded platforms, it is required that the Speech Recognition System (SRS) are available on them too. In this paper, we are presenting a desktop application named as Examination Portal for Blind Persons so as to eliminate the use of an assistant while giving a multiple choice question type examination. Further this tool can be implemented as a mobile application and a web based application.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.