To understand molecular responses of crustacean hemocytes to virus infection, we applied 2-DE proteomics approach to investigate altered proteins in hemocytes of Penaeus vannamei during Taura syndrome virus (TSV) infection. At 24 h postinfection, quantitative intensity analysis and nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS revealed 11 forms of 8 proteins that were significantly up-regulated, whereas 9 forms of 5 proteins were significantly down-regulated in the infected shrimps. These altered proteins play important roles in host defense (hemocyanin, catalase, carboxylesterase, transglutaminase, and glutathione transferase), signal transduction (14-3-3 zeta), carbohydrate metabolism (acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase), cellular structure and integrity (beta-tubulin, beta-actin, tropomyosin, and myosin), and ER-stress response (protein disulfide isomerase). Semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed the upregulation of 14-3-3 at both mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, several altered protein spots were identified as fragments of hemocyanin. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that the hemocyanin spots at acidic and basic regions represented the C- and N-terminal hemocyanin fragments, respectively. As three-quarters of C-terminal fragments were up-regulated, whereas two-thirds of N-terminal hemocyanin fragments were down-regulated, we therefore hypothesize that C- and N-terminal hemocyanin fragments may have differential roles in hemocytes. Further investigation of these data may lead to better understanding of the molecular responses of crustacean hemocytes to TSV infection.
Morphological differentiation in some arthropod-borne bacteria is correlated with increased bacterial virulence, transmission potential, and/or as a response to environmental stress. In the current study, we utilized an in vitro model to examine Rickettsia felis morphology and growth under various culture conditions and bacterial densities to identify potential factors that contribute to polymorphism in rickettsiae. We utilized microscopy (electron microscopy and immunofluorescence), genomic (PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of rickettsial genes), and proteomic (Western blotting and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) techniques to identify and characterize morphologically distinct, long-form R. felis. Without exchange of host cell growth medium, polymorphic R. felis was detected at 12 days postinoculation when rickettsiae were seeded at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 and 50. Compared to short-form R. felis organisms, no change in membrane ultrastructure in long-form polymorphic rickettsiae was observed, and rickettsiae were up to six times the length of typical short-form rickettsiae. In vitro assays demonstrated that short-form R. felis entered into and replicated in host cells faster than long-form R. felis. However, when both short-and long-form R. felis organisms were maintained in cell-free medium for 12 days, the infectivity of short-form R. felis was decreased compared to long-form R. felis organisms, which were capable of entering host cells, suggesting that long-form R. felis is more stable outside the host cell. The relationship between rickettsial polymorphism and rickettsial survivorship should be examined further as the yet undetermined route of horizontal transmission of R. felis may utilize metabolically and morphologically distinct forms for successful transmission.Rickettsia felis is an intracellular gram-negative bacterium transmitted primarily by the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). In laboratory colonies of cat fleas, R. felis is maintained via vertical transmission (1, 41). Horizontal transmission of viable R. felis from fleas to vertebrate hosts has not been demonstrated; however, mounting serological and molecular evidence suggests that this agent is infectious to humans (30). The transmission cycle of R. felis in nature involves small mammals, e.g., companion animals, rodents, and opossums, and their fleas (2, 6, 9, 39, 42); however, the mechanism by which R. felis moves from invertebrate to vertebrate host is not known.Several genera of medically important obligate intracellular bacteria, including Chlamydia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma, have evolved the ability to produce morphologically distinct infectious forms (5,10,12,18,25,33). Typical rickettsiae are short, rod-shaped organisms with an average size of 0.7 to 2.0 m by 0.3 to 0.5 m; however, atypical rickettsia-like organisms also have been reported in arthropod hosts and cell culture models. Within the tick host, wild-caught Dermacentor andersoni contained hemocyte-associated rickettsia-like organis...
Rickettsia parkeri, a recently recognized pathogen of human, is one of several Rickettsia spp. in the United States that causes a spotted fever rickettsiosis. To gain insights into its biology and pathogenesis, we applied the proteomics approach to establish a two-dimensional gel proteome reference map and combined this technique with cell surface biotinylation to identify surface-exposed proteins of a low-passage isolate of R. parkeri obtained from a patient. We identified 91 proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-tandem time of flight mass spectrometry. Of these, 28 were characterized as surface proteins, including virulence-related proteins (e.g., outer membrane protein A [OmpA], OmpB, -peptide, and RickA). Two-dimensional immunoblotting with serum from the R. parkeri-infected index patient was utilized to identify the immunoreactive proteins as potential targets for diagnosis and vaccine development. In addition to the known rickettsial antigens, OmpA and OmpB, we identified translation initiation factor 2, cell division protein FtsZ, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase as immunoreactive proteins. The proteome map with corresponding cell surface protein analysis and antigen detection will facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms of rickettsial pathogenesis.Rickettsia parkeri, a member of the spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR), was first isolated from the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, in 1937 (29). In 2004, the first confirmed human infection with R. parkeri was reported in a 40-year-old man from the Tidewater area of coastal Virginia. The agent was isolated in cell culture from an eschar biopsy specimen and designated the Portsmouth strain (28). Recently, the first recognized case of tick bite-associated human infection was described (43); however, the epidemiology of R. parkeri is not well defined. In the United States, R. parkeri has been detected in A. maculatum and A. americanum; the geographical overlap between R. parkeri and these ticks with that of the vectors of R. rickettsii (the etiological agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever [RMSF]) suggests that many cases of R. parkeri infection have been misidentified as RMSF (27,35). For example, Western blot analysis of serum specimens from 15 U.S. patients previously diagnosed with RMSF identified four serum specimens reactive with a 120-kDa protein of R. parkeri, suggesting infection with R. parkeri rather than R. rickettsii (30). However, a serologic test specific for this pathogen is not available (43), and little is known about its biology.Due to their obligate intracellular nature, genetic manipulation of Rickettsia has proven difficult. Alternatively, protein expression profiles (proteomes) are utilized to identify the mechanisms of pathogenesis and differentiate rickettsial species recognizing host immune response specificity to cell surface molecules, referred to as outer membrane proteins (Omps). The presence or absence of some Omps allows for differentiation between the typhus group and the SFGR, and the response...
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