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Correlation interpolation is introduced as a method to determine the displacement of moving biological tissue on the basis of a sequence of ultrasonic echo signals. The echo signal is sampled along the echo depth with approximately 4 samples per average high frequency period. Sampling in time occurs with the pulse repetition frequency. The necessary information is extracted from a crosscorrelation function between successive signals, which is modelled using four parameters. The parameters are estimated from five calculated correlation sums and the shift with maximum correlation is determined. In contrast to existing techniques, the performance of this method is determined mainly by the number of samples used, while the ratio of the number of samples in depth and time is irrelevant. Using 64 samples at a signal-to-noise power ratio of 10, the standard deviation of the error in the determination of the shift in depth is 0.08 sampling intervals. As in many other methods, the width of the aliasing interval equals the mean frequency period.

A noninvasive method to estimate arterial impedance by means of assessment of local diameter change and the local center-line blood flow velocity using ultrasound Brands, P.J.; Hoeks, A.P.G.; Rutten, M.C.M.; Reneman, R.S. Published in:Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology DOI:10.1016/0301-5629(96)00082-8Published: 01/01/1996 Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers)Please check the document version of this publication:• A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website.• The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review.• The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publicationCitation for published version (APA): Brands, P. J., Hoeks, A. P. G., Rutten, M. C. M., & Reneman, R. S. (1996). A noninvasive method to estimate arterial impedance by means of assessment of local diameter change and the local center-line blood flow velocity using ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 22(7), 895-905. DOI: 10.1016/0301-5629(96)00082-8 General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Abstract-Vascular impedance ls defined as the ratio between the frequency components of the local blood pressure waveform and those of the local blood volume flow waveform. Assessment of vascular impedance is, for example, important to study heart load and distal vascular bed vasomotrlcity. However, only a few studies on vascular impedance have been performed in humans because pulsatlle pressure and volume flow waveforms, slmultaneously recorded at the same location, are dllcult to obtain nonlnvasively. The noninvasive assessment of arterlallmpedance as described in this study ls based on the replacement of the pressure waveform by the distension (change in diameter) waveform and the volume flow waveform by the center-line blood flow velocity waveform. Both waveforms can simultaneously and accurately be ass...

To assess in clinical practice arterial blood volume flow (BVF) from ultrasound measurements, the assumption is commonly made that the velocity profile can be approximated by a quasi-static Poiseuille model. However, pulsatile flow behaviour is more accurately described by a Womersley model. No clinical studies have addressed the consequences on the estimated dynamics of the BVF when Poiseuille rather than Womersley models are used. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of assumed Poiseuille profile instead of Womersley profile on the estimation and intrasubject variability of dynamical parameters of the BVF. For this purpose, a low number of volunteers sufficed. Brachial artery centerline velocity waveform and vessel diameter were measured with ultrasound within a small group of six volunteers. Within subjects, the intra-and inter-registration variability of BVF parameters estimates did not significantly differ. Poiseuille profiles compared to Womersley underestimates the maximum BVF by 19%, the maximum retrograde volume flow by 32% and the rise time by 18%. It can be concluded that when estimating in a straight vessel the dynamic properties of the BVF, Womersley profiles should preferably be chosen.

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Multigate pulsed Doppler systems are developed that allow noninvasive, on-line recording of instantaneous velocities simultaneously at various sites along the ultrasound beam and, hence, of velocity profiles and of arterial wall displacement. These systems provide valuable information about flow patterns in arteries and arterial wall properties under normal and pathological circumstances.

Methods: We recruited 54 healthy volunteers and performed a complete echocardiographic exam. We included in the analysis a short axis view of the aortic arch, after the emergence of the brachiocephalic artery. The 2D-ST methodology was used to off-line calculate aortic arch mechanics (EchoPAQ, GE Healthcareâ). The analysis was performed for circumferential aortic strain (CAS) and for early circumferential aortic strain rate (eCASR). We assessed the aortic pulse wave velocity (PVW) with the Compliorâ. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normality assessment. Results: We included 50 controls with a gender balance and a mean age of 33AE9 years. Of the total 300 aortic wall segments, 278 had adequate waveforms for analysis. Global CAS had a normal distribution (pZ0.20); the mean and median CAS were 11.3AE3.2% and 11.5% (8.4 -13.7) respectively. Global eCASR also had a normal distribution (pZ0.10); the mean and median eCASR were 1.5AE0.4 s-1 and 1.6 s-1 (1.3 -1.7), respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between CAS, age (rZ-0.46, p<0.01), pulse pressure (rZ-0.40, p<0.01), PWV (rZ-0.52, pZ0.03) and the vascular augmentation index (rZ-0.60, pZ0.01). A similar association was identified for eCARS. Conclusion: 2D-ST is a feasible methodology for the analysis of the aortic arch mechanics; in this study, we obtained reference values and normal distributions.Objectives: Artery distension, the difference between diastolic and systolic diameter, is an important measure in stiffness evaluation. Distension can be extracted with high precision and accuracy from radio-frequency ultrasound (US) measurements at a high frame-rate using phase-tracking. However, in daily practice processed B-mode images are collected with a lower framerate, but higher line density, and distension may only be assessed using echo-tracking. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and precision of echo-tracking distension as compared to that of phasetracking distension. Methods: Longitudinal B-mode (40mm, 37fps) US-measurements (video clips 3-6 heartbeats) of the left common carotid artery were performed with a Philips IU22 scanner on 21 patients (age 45-88y) with a recent cerebrovascular accident. In addition, unprocessed radio-frequency US-measurements were performed with a Mylab70 scanner operating in Fast B-mode (31 lines covering 29mm, 300fps, 3-6 heartbeats). To extract the diameter waveform, semi-automatic wall echo-tracking and phase-tracking methods were applied to B-mode and Fast B-mode measurements respectively. Results: One patient was excluded due to large out of plane motion. Although phase-tracking diameter waveforms showed more detail, both methods exhibit similar intra-subject precision (SDZ34mm and SDZ33mm, F-test: p-valueZ0.4). Echo-tracking and phase-tracking systolic-diastolic distension were similar (bias is 25AE90mm, paired t-test: p-valueZ0.18). Conclusion: Clinical scanners operating in B-mode can be used to measure distension with reasonable precision and accuracy in a relevant stroke popu...