Background: These stemness markers have proved their ability in tumorigenicity, tumor metastasis, and even distant recurrence after chemotherapy in different types of cancer. Also, it has shown its evidence in pre-malignant conditions such as OSMF (Oral Submucous Fibrosis) did show the presence of stem cell markers such as Sox2 and Oct4. Aim: Establishing the relationship of Sox2 and Oct4 markers with a potentially malignant disorder, OSMF. Correlation between the said markers and the clinical and histopathological classification. Materials and Methods: 40 archival tissue samples of OSMF were clinically and histopathologically classified using Khanna and Andrade classification. Immunohistochemical analysis for Sox2 and Oct4 was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections on 20 histopathologically confirmed cases of oral submucous fibrosis each. Results: The resulting data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 20.0. The significance of the parameters was tested by the Pearson's Chi-square test (P ≤ 0.05 as statistically significant). The immunohistochemical results showed that Sox2 and Oct4 could be detected in the basal and suprabasal layers in OSMF. Although no significant difference was noted in the expression of Sox2 and Oct4 with increasing grades of oral submucous fibrosis Conclusion: The results obtained from this study show a contingency between the Sox2 and Oct4 marker with OSMF. These results need to be further investigated and further verified with the inclusion of a greater number of cases.
Photo-oxidase nanozymes are emerging enzyme-mimicking materials that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light illumination and subsequently catalyze the oxidation of the substrate. Carbon dots are promising photo-oxidase nanozymes due to their biocompatibility and straightforward synthesis. Carbon dot-based photo-oxidase nanozymes become active for ROS generation under UV or blue light illumination. In this work, sulfur and nitrogen doped carbon dots (S,N-CDs) were synthesized by solvent-free, microwave assisted technique. We demonstrated that sulfur, nitrogen doping of carbon dots (band gap of 2.11 eV) has enabled photo-oxidation of 3,3,5,5'tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) with extended visible light (up to 525 nm) excitation at pH 4. The photo-oxidase activities by S,N-CDs produce Michaelis-Menten constant (K m ) of 1.18 mM and the maximum initial velocity (V max ) as 4.66 × 10 À 8 Ms À 1 , under 525 nm illumination. Furthermore, visible light illumination can also induce bactericidal activities with growth inhibition of Escherichia coli (E. coli). These results demonstrate that S,N-CDs can increase intracellular ROS in the presence of LED light illumination.
: The research presented in this article demonstrates that the implementation of CustomerRelationship Management (CRM) I. CRM as an Emerging ParadigmRelationship Marketing originated in early 1970s when the business units had a manifestation that it would be advisable to become "customer emphatic" rather that "product emphatic". Birth of CRM was because of this heedful perceptiveness.The famous writer and management consultant Peter Drucker wrote; "The true business of every company is to make and keep customers". Traditionally every transaction was on paper and dependent on goodwill which created hindrance in clutching customers. People used to work hard in entertaining customers by presenting new products with astonishing services; they were ready to work overtime for grasping more and more customers for increasing business. This too resulted in customer satisfaction and loyalty up to some extent, but at the end of the day there was no such bonding or relation between the two to carry on with future business smoothly (managementstudyguide.com, 2013).According to Kanitwaranun, Chantaraskul, Waiyakarn, and Keokitichai (2010), in the past, business mindset was mainly product-oriented. Companies sold what they had and did not response customers so much. The concept was continued into the 1920s and manufacturers faced increased competition and companies started to focus on selling as the foundation of marketing initiative. Consequently, the paradigm was then moved to sales-oriented.According to Raghuvanshi, Tripathi (2012), the primary reason for the emergence of CRM is the change in the marketing environment. Today marketing model is changing from the product-centered approach to customer-centered approach. Organization needs to create customized offers for customers and ensure relationship by providing better customer service and management of customer expectations. So, marketing should be devoted at enhancing customer relationships. Kotler, Jain & Maesincee (2002), stressed that one of the most important parts is value delivery and one of key strategies to do that is customer relationship management (CRM). CRM is absolutely mentioned as the critical part of many new marketing concepts. Now to understand what actually this strategy is, let us go through some of its definitions and perspectives. II. CRM : Definitions and Various PerspectivesZablah, Beuenger, and Johnston (2003) suggest that CRM is "a philosophically-related offspring to relationship marketing which is for the most part neglected in the literature," and they conclude that "further exploration of CRM and its related phenomena is not only warranted but also desperately needed." CRM can be defined from at least three perspectives: narrowly and tactically as a particular technology solution, wide-ranging technology, and customer centric. These perspectives can be portrayed as a continuum (Reinartz, Krafft, and Hoyer 2004). According to Swift (2000), CRM provides enhanced opportunities to use data and information to both understand customers...
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