Skin-friction coefficient of turbulent boundary layer flow over a smooth-wall with transverse square grooves is investigated for four grooved-wall cases. The four grooved-wall configurations is like'd' type rough wall, which is characterized by regularly spaced two-dimensional square cavities (grooves) placed normal to the flow. This is made up of 5 mm square grooved-wall, where square grooves are spaced 10, 20 and 40 element widths apart in the streamwise direction. A commercial CFD code-'Fluent 6.3' is used for the mean velocity and turbulence intensity calculation. Hexahedral meshing is used to mesh the domain, with the first grid point placed at a height of 0.001 mm till the dimensionless wall distance, y+ = 10 and afterwards the grid spacing was increased by aspect ratio of 1.1 to get a structured mesh. A steady state renormalized group (RNG) k-ε model is used for turbulence modeling with non-equilibrium wall functions for near wall treatment. CFD code is validated against the experimental data reported by Stuardi and Ching. The skin-friction coefficient determined from the velocity profile increases sharply just downstream of the groove. This overshoot is followed by an undershoot and then relaxation back to the smooth-wall value. This behavior is observed in most grooved-wall cases. Integrating the skin-friction coefficient in the streamwise direction indicates that there is an increase in the overall drag with maximum to be 3.54% for the single groove case.
Improvement in production and productivity of mungbean is difficult mainly due to major viral disease; Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) caused by Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) more prevalent in Northern Indian subcontinent and MYMV more prevalent in Southern Indian subcontinent. Management of plant diseases through host resistance is considered as one of the best options available for crop protection hence breeding for YMD is essentially required in case of pulses. In case of MYMV, conflicting reports are available on the mode of inheritance of resistance and but there is a need to know the genetics of MYMIV for use of host resistance in breeding programme. In this present study, we studied mode of inheritance for resistance against MYMIV. Four crosses between resistant and susceptible genotypes were made. The six generation P1, P2, F1, BC1, BC2 and F2 were grown along with infector row for evaluation against MYMIV resistance. The segregation of resistance responses in F2 populations in ratios of 9 S: 3 MS: 3 MR: 1 R suggested that the resistance was governed by two recessive genes. The study of test crosses/ back cross BC1 with all susceptible plants and in BC2 ratio of 1S: 1MS: 1MR: 1R also supported that two recessive genes are involved in imparting resistance against MYMIV.
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