Leuconostoc (Lc.) carnosum Ta11a, isolated from vacuum-packaged processed meats, produced a bacteriocin designated leucocin B-Ta11a. The crude bacteriocin was heat stable and sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, but not to catalase, lysozyme, or chloroform. It was active against Listeria monocytogenes and several lactic acid bacteria. Leucocin B-Ta11a was optimally produced at 25 degrees C in MRS broth at an initial pH of 6.0 or 6.5. An 8.9-MDa plasmid in Leuconostoc carnosum Ta11a hybridized to a 36-mer oligonucleotide probe (JF-1) that was homologous to leucocin A-UAL187. A 4.9-kb Sau3A fragment from a partial digest of the 8.9-MDa plasmid was cloned into pUC118. The 8.1-kb recombinant plasmid (pJF8.1) was used for sequencing and revealed the presence of two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 codes for a protein of 61 amino acids comprising a 37-amino-acid bacteriocin that was determined to be the leucocin B-Ta11a structural gene by virtue of its homology to leucocin A-UAL 187 (Hastings et al. 1991. J. Bacteriol 173:7491-7500). The 24-amino-acid N-terminal extension, however, differs from that of leucocin A-UAL187 by seven residues. The predicted protein of the ORF2 has 113 amino acids and is identical with the amino acid sequence of the cognate ORF of the leucocin A-UAL 187 operon.
Background
People with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience high levels of psychological distress, which is associated with higher mortality and adverse health outcomes. Little is known about the rates of a range of mental health difficulties or rates of suicide attempts in people with CKD.
Methods
Individuals with CKD (N = 268; age range 18-94 years, M = 49.96), on haemodialysis (n = 79), peritoneal dialysis (n = 46), transplant recipients (n = 84) and who were not on renal replacement therapy (RRT) (n = 59) were recruited through the Irish Kidney Association social media pages and three Irish hospitals. Participants completed surveys to gather demographics and mental health histories, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Short-form-12 to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL).
Results
23.5% of participants self-reported they had received a mental health diagnosis, with depression (14.5%) and anxiety (14.2%) being the most common. 26.4% of participants had experienced suicidal ideation and 9.3% had attempted suicide. Using a clinical cut-off ≥8 on the HADS subscales, current levels of clinically significant anxiety and depression were 50.7% and 35.4%, respectively. Depression levels were slightly higher for those on haemodialysis compared to those with a transplant and those not on RRT. Depression, anxiety, and having a mental health diagnosis were all associated with lower HRQoL.
Conclusions
People with CKD in Ireland experience high levels of psychological distress, mental health difficulties, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. The identification of and intervention for mental health difficulties in CKD should be prioritised in clinical care.
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