Each eye movement we make brings new information into our visual system. The selection of each fixation is the result of a complex interplay of image features, current task goals, and biases in motor control and perception. To what extent are we aware of the selection of eye movements and their visual consequences? Here we use a converging methods approach to answer this question in three diverse experiments. In Experiment 1, participants were directed to find a target in a complex scene by a verbal description of it. We then presented the path the eyes took to find the target together with those of another participant. Participants could only identify their own path when the comparison scanpath was searching for a different target. In Experiment 2, participants viewed a scene for three seconds and then named some objects from the scene. When asked whether they had looked directly at a given object, participants' responses were primarily determined by whether or not the object had been named, and not by whether it had been fixated. In Experiment 3, participants executed eye movements towards single targets, and then viewed an animated replay of either the eye movement they just executed, or that of someone else. Participants were at chance to identify their own eye movement, even when it contained large under-and overshoot corrections. The consistent inability to report on oneâĂŹs own eye movements across experiments suggests awareness of eye movements is extremely impoverished or altogether absent. This is surprising given that information about prior eye movements is clearly used during visual search, motor error correction, and learning.
People are unable to accurately report on their own eye movements most of the time. Can this be explained as a lack of attention to the objects we fixate? Here, we elicited eye-movement errors using the classic oculomotor capture paradigm, in which people tend to look at sudden onsets even when they are irrelevant. In the first experiment, participants were able to report their own errors on about a quarter of the trials on which they occurred. The aim of the second experiment was to assess what differentiates errors that are detected from those that are not. Specifically, we estimated the relative influence of two possible factors: how long the onset distractor was fixated (dwell time), and a measure of how much attention was allocated to the onset distractor. Longer dwell times were associated with awareness of the error, but the measure of attention was not. The effect of the distractor identity on target discrimination reaction time was similar whether or not the participant was aware they had fixated the distractor. The results suggest that both attentional and oculomotor capture can occur in the absence of awareness, and have important implications for our understanding of the relationship between attention, eye movements, and awareness.
Objectives: This study presents the use of our original contactless interface as a plug-in application for OsiriX-DICOM-viewer platform using a hardware sensor devicecontroller that supports hand/finger motions as input, with no hand contact, touching, or voice navigation. It would be possible to modify standard surgical parameters in the fly gesture-controlled incisionless surgical interventions. Methods:The accuracy of computer-generated models was analyzed according to T. Galeta/2017. Our original special plug-in-application provided different types of gestures for three-dimensional-virtual reality navigation. Our hardware sensor device controlling the system without touching any other device served as an interface for camera positioning in three-dimensional virtual endoscopy-views. The impression of panoramic three-dimensional volume rendering-viewing was given by pivoting the camera around a focus fixed on the object.Results: This novel technique enables surgeons to get complete and aware orientation in the operative field, where 'overlapping' of the real and virtual anatomic models is inevitable. Our human mind and understanding of this new surgery work by creating completely new models of human behavior and understanding spatial relationships, along with devising assessment that will provide an insight into our human nature. Any model and/or virtual model of the surgical field is defined as it actually exists in its natural surroundings. Conclusion:We offer an alternative to closed software systems for visual tracking, with an initiative for developing the software framework that will interface with depth cameras, with a set of standardized methods for medical applications such as hand gestures and tracking, face recognition, navigation, etc. This software should be an
Purpose Individuals with intellectual disability(ies) are living longer contributing to an overall increase in the average age of caregivers. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the physical, social and psychological needs of ageing carers of individuals with intellectual disability(ies) in the UK. Design/methodology/approach A scoping review framework was used to identify literature from eleven databases, the grey literature and the references lists of relevant studies. Only primary research studies that discussed the needs of non-professional carers, aged 65+ years old, of individuals with intellectual disability(ies) in the UK were included. No date restrictions were applied. Thematic analysis was used to narratively synthesise findings. Findings Six studies were included. Five key themes were identified: Living with fear, lack of information, rebuilding trust, proactive professional involvement and being ignored. Housing and support information is not communicated well to carers. Professionals require more training on carer needs and trust must be rebuilt between carers and professionals. Proactive approaches would help identify carer needs, reduce marginalisation, help carers feel heard and reduce the risk of care crisis. Greater recognition of mutual caring relationships is needed. Originality/value This review highlighted the needs of older caregivers for individuals with intellectual disability(ies) as well as the need for more high-quality research in this field. The information presented in this review may be considered by primary care providers and funding bodies when planning future support for this growing population of carers.
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