This systematic literature review examined the clinical utility of the construct of self‐disgust in understanding mental distress. Specifically, the review assessed whether there is a shared conceptual definition of self‐disgust, the face and construct validity of the quantitative assessment measures of self‐disgust, and the predictive validity of self‐disgust in formulating the development of a range of psychological difficulties. A systematic database search supplemented by manual searches of references and citations identified 31 relevant papers (27 quantitative, 3 qualitative, and 1 mixed). Analysis of qualitative papers indicated a number of shared features in the definition of self‐disgust, including a visceral sense of self‐elicited nausea accompanied by social withdrawal and attempts at cleansing or suppressing aspects of the self. Quantitative assessment measures appeared to capture these dimensions and evidenced good psychometric properties, although some measures may have only partially captured the full self‐disgust construct. Strong relationships were observed between self‐disgust and a range of mental health presentations, in particular, depression, body‐image difficulties, and trauma‐related difficulties. However, these relationships are smaller when the effects of other negative self‐referential emotions were controlled, and stronger conclusions about the predictive validity of self‐disgust are limited by the cross‐sectional nature of many of the studies.

Background This study explored understandings that service‐users with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour held around their behaviour, what shaped these understandings, and the relationship between how behaviours are managed and well‐being. Methods Eight participants (three female, five male) partook in individual semi‐structured qualitative interviews. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results Three master themes emerged from this analysis: (a) challenging behaviour can be explained via an internal or external frame of reference, with each framework having different implications for how participants attempted to manage behaviour. (b) Positive relationships provide a long‐term buffer to challenging behaviour, with positive relationships with family, staff and peers operating through different mechanisms to achieve this. (c) A greater ability to exert power and control in day‐to‐day life was perceived to reduce challenging behaviour in the long term. Conclusions Implications for practice are discussed.

Net branchial sodium uptake, and net acid and ammonia excretion, together with gill ventilation volumes were measured in euryhaline European¯ounder Platichthys¯esus, adapted to freshwater. External amiloride or acetazolamide (0.1 mmol l -1 ) caused signi®cant reductions (P < 0.05) in sodium uptake and net acid excretion, while 0.05 mmol l -1 thiocyanate had no effect on any of the¯uxes measured. Ethoxzolamide (0.1 mmol l -1 ) however, caused signi®cant reductions in all¯uxes measured and also caused a 32% reduction in the volume of water exhaled by the gills. In this study, it appears that sodium uptake and net acid excretion are indirectly linked, probably by a proton pump arrangement which is thought to be a mechanism for sodium uptake in trout gills.

Net branchial sodium uptake, and net acid and ammonia excretion, together with gill ventilation volumes were measured in euryhaline European¯ounder Platichthys¯esus, adapted to freshwater. External amiloride or acetazolamide (0.1 mmol l -1 ) caused signi®cant reductions (P < 0.05) in sodium uptake and net acid excretion, while 0.05 mmol l -1 thiocyanate had no effect on any of the¯uxes measured. Ethoxzolamide (0.1 mmol l -1 ) however, caused signi®cant reductions in all¯uxes measured and also caused a 32% reduction in the volume of water exhaled by the gills. In this study, it appears that sodium uptake and net acid excretion are indirectly linked, probably by a proton pump arrangement which is thought to be a mechanism for sodium uptake in trout gills.

Branchial sodium uptake, and net proton equivalent and ammonia excretion, together with isolated ®lament potentials were measured in euryhaline European¯ounder Platichthys¯esus, adapted to freshwater. External benzamil (0.05 mmol l -1 ), a speci®c inhibitor of sodium conductive channels, caused signi®cant reductions (P < 0.05) in sodium uptake and a marked decline in net proton equivalent excretion. In contrast, 0.05 mmol l -1 external 5-(N,N-dimethyl)-amiloride, a speci®c inhibitor of the Na + /H + antiport, had no effect on any of the¯uxes measured. The effect of vanadate, an inhibitor of H + -ATPases, was examined at two concentrations, 0.1 and 0.5 mmol l -1 , and both caused signi®cant reductions (P < 0.05) in sodium uptake and net proton equivalent excretion. Mean resting isolated gill ®lament potentials in freshwater-adapted P.¯esus were found to be 723.8 1.1 mV (inside negative) and became less negative in the presence of amiloride, an inhibitor of sodium transport. Using microelectrodes it was possible to measure two potentials in the ®lament: an apical potential and a transepithelial potential. The transepithelial potential was similar to that measured in vivo, while the apical potential, may be generated by the pavement epithelial cells. In this study, it appears that sodium uptake and net proton equivalent excretion are not strictly coupled but are indirectly linked probably by a proton pump arrangement, which is thought to be a mechanism for sodium uptake in trout gills. A possible role of the apical potential is discussed.