Dengue virus infection is a very deadly disease that threatens human lives in subtropical and tropical regions. Thus, for early and reliable diagnosis of Dengue virus infection, a sensitive, specific, and label-free electrochemical immunosensor was developed for the direct detection of the unstructured protein NS1. The NS1 biosensor was designed with a biosensing surface consisting of antifouling moieties and biorecognition molecules to enhance the specificity of the immunosensor for target analyte detection in complicated biological samples such as human sera. The immunosensor exhibited a wide detection range (5-4000 ng mL −1 ) based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements with a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.94, correlation coefficient (R) of 0.95, high reproducibility, and good stability for 21 days at 4 • C. The developed immunosensor was able to detect the NS1 antigen in actual serum specimens from patients infected with Dengue virus. Moreover, the immunosensor is not only highly selective for the NS1 antigen, but also did not cross-react with human sera infected with malaria parasites.

Alternating current sources are mainly used in bioelectrical impedance devices. Nowadays 50 -100 kHz bioelectrical impedance devices are commonly used for body composition analysis. High frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis devices are mostly used in bioimpedance tomography and blood analysis. High speed op-amps and voltage comparators are used in this circuit. Direct current feedback is used to prevent delay. An NChannel J-FET transistor was used to establish the voltage controlled gain amplifier (VCG). A sine wave signal has been applied as input voltage. The value of this signal should be constant in 170 mV rms to keep the output current in about 1 mA rms. Four frequencies; 100 kHz, 1 MHz, 2 MHz and 3.2 MHz were applied to the circuit and the current was measured for different load resistances. The results showed that the current was stable for changes in the resistor load, bouncing around an average point as a result of bouncing DC feedback.

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