Background Predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS) is important for identifying high-risk cardiovascular disease individuals and providing preventive interventions. We aimed to develop and validate an equation and a simple MetS score according to the Japanese MetS criteria. Methods In total, 54,198 participants (age, 54.5±10.1 years; men, 46.0%), with baseline and 5-year follow-up data were randomly assigned to ‘Derivation’ and ‘Validation’ cohorts (ratio: 2:1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed in derivation cohort and scores were assigned to factors corresponding to β-coefficients. We evaluated predictive ability of the scores using area under the curve (AUC), then applied them to validation cohort to assess reproducibility. Results The primary model ranged 0–27 points had an AUC of 0.81 (sensitivity: 0.81, specificity: 0.81, cut-off score: 14), and consisted of age, sex, blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), serum lipids, glucose measurements, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption. The simplified model (excluding blood tests) ranged 0–17 points with an AUC of 0.78 (sensitivity: 0.83, specificity: 0.77, cut-off score: 15) and included: age, sex, systolic BP, diastolic BP, BMI, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption. We classified individuals with a score <15 and ≥15 points as low- and high-risk MetS, respectively. Furthermore, the equation model generated an AUC of 0.85 (sensitivity: 0.86, specificity: 0.55). Analysis of the validation and derivation cohorts yielded similar results. Conclusion We developed a primary score, an equation model, and a simple score. The simple score is convenient, well-validated with acceptable discrimination, and could be used for early detection of MetS in high-risk individuals.
Results: As per our findings, the Suita score demonstrated better correlations with baPWV than the Framingham risk score in both sexes (men, Suita score R 2 =0.41 and Framingham risk score R 2 =0.37; women, Suita score R 2 =0.54 and Framingham risk score R 2 =0.33). The ROC curve analysis demonstrated the cutoff values of baPWV for moderate-and high-risk groups estimated using the Suita score, and they are as follows: in men, the baPWV cutoff values were 1,350 cm/s in the 40s, 1,430 cm/s in the 50s, 1,520 cm/s in the 60s, and 1,880 cm/s in the 70s. In women, the baPWV cutoff values were 1,350 cm/s in the 40s, 1,430 cm/s in the 50s, 1,570 cm/s in the 60s, and 1,800 cm/s in the 70s. Conclusions:We demonstrated that baPWV significantly correlated with the Suita score or Framingham risk score in both men and women, with the former presenting a stronger correlation than the latter. We propose the cutoff values of baPWV for moderate-and high-risk groups estimated using the Suita score.
Background:Blood pressure variability (BPV) is an independent predictor for cardiovascular disease. Defecation status has also been linked to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.Aim:To investigate the association between BPV and defecation statusMethods:A total of 184 participants who were able to measure their home blood pressure at least 8 days per month at both baseline and 1 year later were included in the study. All participants measured home blood pressure (BP) using HEM-9700T (OMRON Healthcare). Day-to-day variability of systolic BP were evaluated by coefficient of variation (CV) of home systolic BP during one month. Data on defecation status was obtained by questionnaire survey and good defecation status was defined as having a bowel movement every day.Results:In multivariate regression analysis with the change of CV from baseline to 1 year later as the objective variable and age, gender, Good defecation status, taking medication including antihypertensive drugs, laxatives, intestinal preparations, and CV at baseline as independent variables, good defecation status is independently negatively associated with the elevated CV (β;: -0.669, P = 0.0019).Conclusion:Good defecation status is shown to be significantly associated with decreased BPV.
Objective:Uric acid (UA) has been linked to the development of hypertension. However, it is not known if this association is significant in men and women who are apparently healthy at baseline.Design and Methods:This retrospective cohort study included individuals who participated in a health checkup at the Kagoshima Kouseirin Hospital from October 2008 to April 2019. We excluded participants with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73m2, history of gout, hyperuricemia medication, and missing data at baseline. To assess the association between baseline UA levels and 5 year hypertension incidence, we performed univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis by sex according to their UA quartiles as follows: In men: 1st quartile ≧ 4.8 mg/dL, 2nd quartile 4.9 to 5.6 mg/dL, 3rd quartile 5.7 to 6.4 mg/dL, and 4th quartile ≧ 6.5 mg/dL; In women: 1st quartile ≧ 3.4 mg/dL, 2nd quartile 3.5 to 4.0 mg/dL, 3rd quartile 4.1 to 4.7 mg/dL, and 4th quartile ≧ 4.8 mg/dL. The ORs were adjusted for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), current smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise habit, serum triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose and eGFR. Hypertension incidence was defined as SBP ≧ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≧ 90 mmHg at follow up, or newly prescribed antihypertensive medication during 5 years of follow up.Results:In total, 21,514 participants (age, 52.9 ± 10.9 years; men, 39.8%), were enrolled. During the 5 year of follow-up, 1415 (16.5%) men and 1408 (10.9%) women developed hypertension. In univariable analysis, the UA levels were significantly associated with hypertension in both men (OR for fourth to first quartile, 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24 to 1.70, P < 0.0001) and women (OR for fourth to first quartile, 1.62; 95%CI, 1.38 to 1.90, P < 0.0001). After adjusting for covariates, the UA levels were significantly associated with hypertension in men (OR for fourth to first quartile, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.13 to 1.62, P = 0.0011), but was not in women (OR for fourth to first quartile, 1.14; 95%CI, 0.95 to 1.36, P = 0.1541)Conclusion:Elevated UA levels are associated with hypertension incidence in Japanese men without hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and decreased kidney function.
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