The effect of 24-epibrassinolide and 28-homobrassinolide on seed germination and seedling growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was studied under cadmium toxicity. The impact of brassinosteroids (BRs) on free proline levels and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbic peroxidase (APOX; EC 1.11.1.11) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX; EC 1.11.1.7) in radish seedlings under Cd toxicity was evaluated. The effect of BRs on the activity of ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO; EC 1.10.3.3) and lipid peroxidation in radish seedlings challenged with Cd stress was also investigated. BRs supplementation alleviated the toxic effect of the heavy metal and increased the percentage of seed germination and seedling growth. Out of the two substances, HBL was found to be more effective than EBL in stress alleviation. HBL (3µM) alleviated the toxic effect of the heavy metal and increased the percentage of seed germination by 57% over Cd and 20% over unstressed control. Similarly supplementation of HBL (3µM) caused an increase of 156%, 78% and 91% in length, fresh weight and dry weight of seedling, respectively, over Cd treatment alone. The amelioration of seedling growth by BRs under metal toxicity was associated with enhanced levels of free proline. The activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, APOX and GPX were increased in the seedlings from treatments with Cd along with BRs. Brassinosteroid treatment reduced the activity of POD and AAO in heavy metal stressed seedlings. Lipid peroxidation induced by Cd was found reduced with the supplementation of BRs. The results obtained in the study clearly indicated the ameliorative influence of brassinosteroids on the inhibitory effect of Cd toxicity.

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BACKGROUNDProptosis in children usually presents as a diagnostic dilemma. This study is to evaluate the incidence, mode of onset, various clinical presentations in children up to 14 years. The various treatment modalities and the final outcome of treatment were also assessed.

<p>Heavy metal contaminated water is a major threat to human and aquatic life. Chromium is a toxic heavy metal discharged into surface water mainly due to industrial applications. Physico-chemical technologies to treat chromium-contaminated waters are expensive, especially for developing countries. Macrophytes-based phytoremediation is a competent method of water treatment that is simple, cost-effective, and provides satisfactory results. In the present study, we investigated the potential of macrophyte <em>Eichhornia crassipes</em>, commonly known as water hyacinth, to accumulate chromium concentrations from water. We conducted a hydroponics experiment for ten days under controlled laboratory conditions to examine the hyperaccumulation potential of the species. The experiment results showed that <em>Eichhornia crassipes</em> is an excellent accumulator of chromium. The maximum concentration was found in the plant's roots with small amounts in the shoots and leaves. These results demonstrate that <em>E. crassipes</em> can provide an efficient and environment-friendly option of remediating chromium-contaminated surface water bodies.</p>