In this paper, a Painlevé analysis of the (2 + 1)-dimensional variable-coefficient Calogero–Degasperis (VCCD) equation ψxt + α(t)ψxψxy + β(t)ψyψxx + γ(t)ψxxxy = 0 has been performed to study the Painlevé properties. We applied the Lie-group formalism to deduce the symmetries and to reduce the (2 + 1)-dimensional VCCD equation to lower dimensional equations, which are again investigated by different methods such as the extended (G′/G)-expansion method, hyperbolic rational function expansion method and Jacobi elliptic function method to obtain some new exact solutions.
For graphical user interface (UI) design, it is important to understand what attracts visual attention. While previous work on saliency has focused on desktop and web-based UIs, mobile app UIs differ from these in several respects. We present findings from a controlled study with 30 participants and 193 mobile UIs. The results speak to a role of expectations in guiding where users look at. Strong bias toward the top-left corner of the display, text, and images was evident, while bottom-up features such as color or size affected saliency less. Classic, parameter-free saliency models showed a weak fit with the data, and data-driven models improved significantly when trained specifically on this dataset (e.g., NSS rose from 0.66 to 0.84). We also release the first annotated dataset for investigating visual saliency in mobile UIs. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in ubiquitous and mobile computing; • Computing methodologies → Computer vision.
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