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Disruption of service caused by distributed denial of services (DDoS) attacks is an increasing problem in the Internet world. At the present time, to attack the victim's system, the attacker uses sophisticated automated attacking tools for DDoS attack, but earlier it was performed either by manually or by semi automated attacking tools. These attack tools are used to attack various Internet sites. In this paper, we present a literature on classification of available mechanisms for DDoS defense. These defense mechanisms are used to prevent, detect, response and tolerate the DDoS attacks. It is well known that it is very difficult to stop the DDoS attack; therefore, it would be better to maximize the fault tolerance and quality of services under variety of intrusions and attacks. In our analysis, we will discuss the merits and demerits of each mechanism over others. In addition, this paper provides better understanding of the DDoS attack problem and enables a security administrator to cope up against the DDoS threat.

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Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks continues to grow as a threat to organizations worldwide. From the first known attack in 1999 to the highly publicized Operation Ababil, the DDoS attacks have a history of flooding the victim network with an enormous number of packets, hence exhausting the resources and preventing the legitimate users to access them. After having standard DDoS defense mechanism, still attackers are able to launch an attack. These inadequate defense mechanisms need to be improved and integrated with other solutions. The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of DDoS attacks, various models involved in attacks and to provide a timeline of defense mechanism with their improvements to combat DDoS attacks. In addition to this, a novel scheme is proposed to detect DDoS attack efficiently by using MapReduce programming model.

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The cloud is an appealing innovation that has driven, in record time, an extraordinary interest. It is right now one of the busiest regions of research in IT, due to its adaptability, vigor, and capacity to altogether lessen the expenses of administrations to clients on the web. Additionally, cloud stores all client information in server farms dispersed the world over. In this manner, security has turned into a foremost worry that anticipates numerous organizations to receive its administrations. Clients should store their information, a few of which are ordinarily secret or individual; in this way, the authors are exceptionally mindful to information honesty and classification amid exchange to a cloud server. This exploration chapter plans to build up an investigation on the different security threats engaged with distributed computing along with their recent countermeasures.