Increased levels of oxidative stress markers and decreased levels of antioxidants in pre-eclamptic women suggest that oxidative stress markers play a significant role in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia, and that supplemental dietary antioxidants may have a beneficial role in the prevention of pre-eclampsia in women at high-risk for this condition.

A significant improvement in the endometrial thickness was observed post-adhesiolysis. A high blood flow impedance of spiral artery perhaps impairs growth of the endometrium making it unsuitable for successful implantation.

There is no single absolute predictor of ovarian reserve, but combining the current assessment methods provides a close estimation of a woman's reproductive capability. Values for the studied markers showed that ovarian reserve was compromised in women with genital tuberculosis.

Incorporating anti-mullerian hormone, a newer marker for ovarian reserve, may benefit these obese infertile women. Further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effect of obesity on inhibin B as a marker of ovarian reserve in infertile women. The best marker to check the ovarian reserve is perhaps the woman's performance during an IVF cycle. However, considering the psychological and financial stress of the procedure, it may seem wise to consider counseling of obese women on their expected performance in the first cycle of IVF through such studies.

In a country like India with its vast population women in their reproductive age-group face a set of problems not only because of low literacy, low socio-economic status but also because they have lack of control over their reproductive intentions and are ignorant as to how to fulfill them. Abortion is a vulnerable time for all women and is a good opportunity for intervention for the ones belonging to the lower socio-economic strata of society who have less contact with health professionals. Thus there is a need to provide fertility regulation services keeping the users perspective in mind. The current study highlights the need for population based contraception and greater awareness of the use of contraception.

It has been evidenced that very few systematic reviews have examined the effectiveness of ginger for pain duration and its severity among women with primary dysmenorrhea. This meta-analysis was therefore performed to methodically incorporate and significantly evaluate randomized controlled ginger studies for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. The literature was searched using PubMed, Embase, Ovid, ClinicalKey, Medline, and electronic database. We have analyzed clinical trials by comparing ginger with placebo and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in women with primary dysmenorrhea. The primary outcomes assessed in our meta-analysis were pain severity and pain duration. Secondary outcomes were change in bleeding, side effects of the drug, and rate of satisfaction. We have screened a total of 638 studies, out of which narrative synthesis was formulated for eight studies. We have performed a meta-analysis of five trials examining ginger with placebo and other two randomized controlled trials comparing ginger with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); it seems to be more helpful for relieving menstrual pain than a placebo (mean difference [MD] = 2.67, 95% CI = 3.51-1.84, P = 0.0001, I2 = 86%), although it was found that ginger and NSAIDs were equally effective in pain severity (risk ratios [RR] = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.53-2.52, P = 0.72, I2 =77%). We have not observed any significant difference between ginger and placebo on pain duration among primary dysmenorrheic women (MD =-2.22, 95% CI =-7.62-3.18, P = 0.42, I2 = 56%). Accessible information proposes that oral ginger can be a compelling treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. This meta-analysis strongly supports the requirement for high methodological quality consistency for upcoming trials.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the role of endometrial thickness, pattern and sub-endometrial blood flows measured by 2D power Doppler ultrasound to predict pregnancy during in-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment.STUDY DESIGN:Prospective, non-randomized clinical study.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This was a prospective observational study. A total of 101 infertile women were recruited from our IVF-ET program from January to December, 2009. Women with tubal factor, male factor and unexplained infertility were included in the study.RESULTS:The mean age was 35 years and mean duration of infertility was 8 years. Seventy five (74.25%) patients had primary infertility and 26 (25.74%) had secondary infertility. The mean endometrial thickness was 8.1 mm and endometrial blood flow was in Zone I in 18 patients, 28 patients had blood flow in Zone II and 54 had in Zone III. Overall, 27 (26.73%) patients conceived and in these women the endometrial thickness was between 6 and 12 mm.CONCLUSIONS:With a thin endometrium (≤7 mm) and no-triple-line endometrial pattern coexisting in an in-vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) candidate, cryopreservation should be recommended. With a thin endometrium and a good texture (triple-line), other prognostic factors, such as embryo quality, should be taken into account. The endometrial vascularity has a useful predictive value on the implantation rate in IVF cycles irrespective of the morphological appearance of the endometrium. However, further study is needed to make a definitive conclusion.

With increasing caesarean rates, every obstetrician is bound to face the challenge of this life-threatening obstetric hazard and must be prepared to handle this emergency with an expeditious recourse to laparotomy.