The evidence-based statements are provided for diagnosis and overall management of OAB, as well as for the various treatments. Diagnosis and treatment methodologies can be expected to change as the evidence base grows and as new treatment strategies become obtainable.

This long-term study demonstrates that InterStim therapy is safe and effective for restoring voiding in appropriately selected cases refractory to other forms of treatment.

Neuromodulation of the sacral nerves is an effective, safe therapy that successfully treats significant symptoms of refractory urgency-frequency.

Purpose: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histologic diagnosis describing proliferation of smooth muscle and epithelial cells within the prostatic transition zone. The prevalence and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in aging men are progressive and impact the health and welfare of society. This revised Guideline provides a useful reference on effective evidence-based management of male LUTS/BPH. See the accompanying algorithm for a summary of the procedures detailed in the Guideline (figures 1 and 2). Materials and Methods: The Minnesota Evidence Review Team searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and AHRQ databases to identify eligible English language studies published between January 2008 and April 2019, then updated through December 2020. Search terms included Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords for pharmacological therapies, drug classes, and terms related to LUTS or BPH. When sufficient evidence existed, the body of evidence was assigned a strength rating of A (high), B (moderate), or C (low) for support of Strong, Moderate, or Conditional Recommendations. In the absence of sufficient evidence, information is provided as Clinical Principles and Expert Opinions (table 1). Results: Nineteen guideline statements pertinent to evaluation, work-up, and medical management were developed. Appropriate levels of evidence and supporting text were created to direct both primary care and urologic providers towards streamlined and suitable practices. Conclusions: The work up and medical management of BPH requires attention to individual patient characteristics, while also respecting common principles. Clinicians should adhere to recommendations and familiarize themselves with standards of BPH management.

Purpose: Surgical therapies for symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are many, and vary from minimally invasive office based to high-cost operative approaches. This Guideline presents effective evidence-based surgical management of male lower urinary tract symptoms secondary/attributed to BPH (LUTS/BPH). See accompanying algorithm for a detailed summary of procedures (figure). Materials/Methods: The Minnesota Evidence Review Team searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and AHRQ databases to identify eligible studies published between January 2007 and September 2020, which includes the initial publication (2018) and amendments (2019, 2020). The Team also reviewed articles identified by Guideline Panel Members. When sufficient evidence existed, the body of evidence was assigned a strength rating of A (high), B (moderate), or C (low) for support of Strong, Moderate, or Conditional Recommendations. In the absence of sufficient evidence, information is provided as Clinical Principles and Expert Opinions (table ). Results: Twenty-four guideline statements pertinent to pre-operative and surgical management were developed. Appropriate levels of evidence and supporting text were created to direct urologic providers towards suitable and safe operative interventions for individual patient characteristics. A re-treatment section was created to direct attention to longevity and outcomes with individual approaches to help guide patient counselling and therapeutic decisions. Conclusion: Pre-operative and surgical management of BPH requires attention to individual patient characteristics and procedural risk. Clinicians should adhere to recommendations and familiarize themselves with criteria that yields the highest likelihood of surgical success when choosing a particular approach for a particular patient.

Using superresolution and quantitative fluorescence microscopy, Das et al. have revealed that iron-transferrin–containing endosomes directly interact with mitochondria, facilitating iron transfer in epithelial cells. Their findings further enrich the repertoire of organelle–organelle direct interactions to accomplish a functional significance.

The conventional drug delivery systems made from organic- or inorganic-based materials suffer from some problems associated with uncontrolled drug release, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and so forth. To overcome these problems, zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF) hybrid materials can be one of the solutions. Here, we report a very easy and successful encapsulation of an anticancer drug doxorubicin inside two ZIFs, namely, ZIF-7 and ZIF-8, which are little explored as drug delivery systems, and we studied the controlled release of the drug from these two ZIFs under external stimuli such as change in pH and upon contact with biomimetic systems. Experimental results demonstrate that ZIF-7 remains intact when the pH changes from physiological condition to acidic condition, whereas ZIF-8 successfully releases drug under acidic condition. Interestingly, both the ZIFs are excellent for drug release when they come in contact with micelles or liposomes. In the case of ZIF-8, the drug delivery can be controlled for 3 h, whereas its analogue ZIF-7 delivers the drug for a time span of 10 h. We explained the reluctance of ZIF-7 toward drug release in terms of rigidity. This study highlights that by using different ZIFs and liposomes, the drug release rate can be easily modulated, which implies ample possibility for ZIFs as a good drug delivery system. The study shows a novel strategy for easy drug encapsulation and its release in a controlled manner, which will help future development of the drug delivery system.

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have received considerable importance as proton conducting materials in recent times. However, most of the MOFs lack the ability to form film, which limits their application. In the present work, polybenzimidazole (PBI) composite membranes have been prepared by loading post synthetically modified (PSM) UiO-66-NH 2 MOFs, denoted as PSM 1 and PSM 2 into an aryl ether-type polybenzimidazole (OPBI) polymer. The pristine OPBI, and MOF nanofiller loaded membranes were doped with phosphoric acid (PA) to prepare proton exchange membranes (PEMs). Use of thermally stable, hydrophilic MOFs resulted in enhanced proton conductivity, higher PA retention capacity, and increased stability against oxidative degradation for the composite membrane than the pristine OPBI polymer. The proton conductivities of the composite membranes (0.29 S cm −1 for PSM 1-10% and 0.308 S cm −1 for PSM 2-10% membranes at 160 °C, under anhydrous environment) were notably higher than the conductivities of the constituents and also higher than most of the MOF based polymer supported membranes. To the best of our knowledge, the PA doped PSM 2 loaded composite membrane shows the highest proton conductivity at 160 °C among all MOF based composite membranes. Extensive interfacial H-bonding plays the most crucial role behind the enhanced proton conductivities of the PA doped MOF containing polymer membranes reported here. This work clearly demonstrates the benefits of using rationally designed PSM 1 and PSM 2 MOFs as nanofiller to prepare OPBI supported membranes that can perform excellent proton conduction in a wide temperature range spanning up to 160 °C. This provides a generalized approach toward achieving an efficient proton conducting membrane for use in fuel cells.