The therapeutic potential of the majority of the marketed drugs is due to the presence of a heterocyclic nucleus, which constitutes a huge role in the field of medicinal chemistry. These heterocyclic scaffolds could act as a template in order to design potential therapeutic agents against several diseases. Benzothiazole scaffold is one of the influential heteroaromatic rings in the field of medicinal chemistry owing to its extensive pharmacological features. Herein, we have focused on the synthesis of benzothiazole based medicinal molecules, which possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. This review covers a systematic description of synthetic routes for biologically relevant benzothiazole derivatives in the last five years. The main aim of this study is to show the diversification of benzothiazole based molecules into their pharmacologically more active derivatives. This review's synthetic protocols include metal-free, metal-catalyzed, and metal precursor azo dyes strategies for the development of benzothiazole derived bioactive compounds. The discussion under the various headings covers synthetic schemes and biological activities of the most potent molecules in the form of minimum inhibitory concentration
Background: Nanoparticle technologies used for human administration must be designed to interact with a living host environment. The idea about bioinspired smart drug delivery carriers includes the development of biocompatible nanomaterials which can be further loaded with the drug for specific targeted drug delivery applications. Objective: Biosmart nanosystems are used for several applications in the delivery of drugs and pharmaceuticals for their therapeutic applications like biological markers, diagnostic purposes such as imaging applications and also for gene therapy. Thus, the bioinspired nanocarriers are capable of carrying biologically active molecules to the target sites. This bioinspired nanosystem constitutes of lipids, polymers and biomaterials which utilizes various responsive sensors for targeted drug delivery systems. However, external conditions such as heat, light, magnetic or electric field and ultrasounds, along with temperature, altered pH and ionic strength can affect the bioinspired smart nanosystem for drug delivery. Conclusion: The present review focuses on challenges for the development of bioinspired smart nanocarriers for the management of various disorders.
Amikacinis a semisynthetic derivative of Kanamycin; it was approved for clinical use in the U.S. in 1976. Amikacin is broadspectrum and potent aminoglycoside with limited clinical use owing high dose requirement.Many gram-negative bacteria, including many strains of Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and serratiaare inhibited by 1-20 mcg/ml amikacin in vitro. After injection of 500mg of amikacin every 12hours (15mg/kg/d) intramuscularly, peak levels in serum are 10-30 mcg/ml. Amikacinis valuable because it was more active to aminoglycoside inactivating bacterial enzymes than is gentamicin. Since it was more inflated, amikacin was reserved for treatment of infections with gentamicin-resistant organisms. Peak plasma concentration should be kept between 20-30 mg/ml and trough concentration below 10mg/ml.There is no oral form of Amikacinis available as it is not absorbed orally. Various research on oral formulation of amikacinare going onsuch assignificantly improved oral uptake of amikacin in fvb mice in the presence of crl-1605 copolymer, liposomal amikacin dry powder inhaler effect of fines on in vitro performance, thiolated chitosan nanoparticles as an oral delivery system for amikacin.
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