Objective: This is a critical review of studies aiming to assess the safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies as compared with the classical regimen in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.Methods: Various electronic databases were searched for original articles reporting results from the use of monoclonal antibodies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. The Expanded Disability Status Scale and annualized relapse rate score before and after treatment were the primary effect measures. The pooled standardized mean difference with 95% CI was calculated using the random effects model. The heterogeneity of the included studies was calculated using Cochran's Q test and I 2 statistics. Results:Of 36 included studies, meta-analysis was carried out from 27 studies. The pooled analysis of 1010 patients showed a mean reduction in the mean annualized relapse rate ratio after tocilizumab therapy −2.45 (95% CI −3.13 to −1.77) to be higher compared with rituximab −1.49 (95% CI −1.81 to −1.17). Likewise, the mean reduction in the Expanded Disability Status Scale after tocilizumab was higher −1.10 (95% CI −1.75 to −0.44) compared with rituximab −0.80 (95% CI −1.11 to −0.48). Conclusion:Tocilizumab has a greater effect than rituximab in terms of the reduction of the annualized relapse rate and Expanded Disability Status Scale in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients. The greater efficacy of tocilizumab could result from its multiple dynamic pharmacodynamics (i.e. its effect on interleukin-6-dependent inflammatory processes, involving CD20-negative plasmablasts, pathogenic T cells and regulatory T cells) and to some degree due to heterogeneity in our study. Satralizumab (monotherapy or add-on), eculizumab and inebilizumab (monotherapy) are effective in aquaporin-4-positive cases with good safety profiles. Ublituximab, bortezomib, bevacizumab and C1-esterase inhibitors are both effective and safe add-on drugs.

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Ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary heart disease (CHD) refers to a heart condition that is characterized by narrowing of arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscles. This narrowing can cause irreversible damage or death of the cardiac muscles due to severe deprivation of blood flow to a specific area of the heart, thus called myocardial infarction. 1 Myocardial infarction is a pathological condition caused by disruption of the blood supply to a region of the heart to an extent that limits adequate oxygenation, even with an extended period of rest. 2 According to the Global Burden Disease, the burden of IHD-related deaths was 8.9 million in 2017, which is a 52.3% increase from 5.9 million in 1990, 3 and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of death among ischemic heart