16 honey samples from Pakistan and two other countries were investigated for their physiochemical, biochemical, minerals, and antioxidant potential. Antioxidant activities of all honey samples were performed by using percentage inhibition of DPPH free radical, AEAC, and FRAP. 5-HMF and mineral contents were determined by HPLC and AAS, respectively. The obtained values of respective parameters, namely, pH, EC, TDS, total acidity, moisture, ash, color intensity, sugars, proline, and protein were in compliance with codex standard and recommendation of council directive by European Union. The total phenolics contents in acacia honey from Germany and jujube honey from Pakistan are similar to monofloral honey from Saudi Arabia and Yemen, respectively. The mineral contents in tested honey samples are comparable with honey from Brazil and Romania. Dark color honeys contained higher phenolic contents than light color ones and attributed to higher oxidation potential and have strong positive correlation with DPPH and FRAP.

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Background: Haemodialysis is a process to remove the waste products and excess fluids that build up in the human body when kidneys stop working. Haemodialysis concentrate consists of two parts, acid concentrate (Part A) that contains mineral ions (Na, K, Mg and Ca) and buffering agent acetic acid /citric acid whereas basic concentrate (Part B) comprise of sodium bicarbonate alone or in combination with sodium chloride. Aim: Present research aimed to develop and validate a rapid method for determination of cations and anions in haemodialysis concentrates in solution and powder form by choosing one of technique among various suggested in ISO 13958:2014. Method: The analysis was done by flame emission (flame photometer), atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS), polarimetric and titrimetric techniques. ICH guidelines were followed for method validation by addressing the linearity, accuracy, precision and detection limits (LOD and LOQ). Results and Discussion: The calibration curves were linear for Mg, Ca, K and Na with coefficient of determination (R2 ) ≥ 0.9978 and regression data indicating the excellent linearity for the selected concentration range for each content. The recovery results were obtained between the ranges 96.9-102.5 % which were good enough to justified the suitability of proposed method for its intended applications. Statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant difference was observed between proposed and compendial method at 95 % confidence of interval. Conclusion: The advantage of proposed method over the compendial method by virtue of its economy and fast with reliable results because more reagents and chemicals are consumed in compendial method.