The traditional methods used for the identification of individuals such as personal identification numbers (PINs), identification tags, etc., are vulnerable as they are easily compromised by the hackers. In this paper, we aim to focus on the existing multibiometric systems that use hand based modalities for the identification of individuals. We cover the existing multibiometric systems in the context of various feature extraction schemes, along with an analysis of their performance using one of the performance measures used for biometric systems. Later, we cover the literature on template protection including various cancelable biometrics and biometric cryptosystems and provide a brief comment about the methods used for multibiometric template protection. Finally, we discuss various open issues and challenges faced by researchers and propose some future directions that can enhance the security of multibiometric templates.
Background: Successful athletes are motivated for future-oriented for more achievements. Apprehensive athletes are not as successful as highly motivated athletes. The sport participation is influenced by many factors those contribute in success of athletes. Objective: To explore the motivational factors for sports participation among Pakistani athletes. Methodology: The cross-sectional survey was conducted on both male and female athletes (n=400) between the age of 14 to 40 years, played at the national and international levels at least from one year. The study was conducted at the Pakistan sports board (PSB) from July-December 2018. The non-probability convenience sampling was used in this study. The sports participation scale-6 was used to explore the motivational factors. The data was presented as n(%). Results: the mean age of the participants were 24±5.45 years The results showed that the mean scores of six categories of Sports Motivational Scale (SMS) was 134.69±13.431, which showed that majority of athletes were highly motivated. The result of the study also showed that all subdomain of sports motivation scale positively correlated to total score (p<0.001), while a motivation was negatively associated r=-0.701, p<0.001) with total score of sports motivation scale. Although most of the athletes were normal in term of depression, anxiety, and stress. But depression is negatively correlated (r=-0.09, p=0.04) with sports motivation. Conclusion: This study concluded that most athletes are motivated because hard training improves their performance and other motivational factors are also associated like pleasure, internal satisfaction, and excitement. The least motivational factor was achieving social or material benefits of being an athlete. Keywords: Athlete, motivation, participation, stress.
Background: Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. It is a cerebrovascular disease, characterized by decreased blood supply to the brain tissues. It is known that patients with stroke have respiratory muscle weakness. Aim: To evaluate the effects of Resistive Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises on the pulmonary functions in patients with chronic stroke. Method: A randomized controlled trial was conducted. 20 subjects were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were allocated to Group A and B. Assessment of Pulmonary Functions was undertaken by Digital incentive Spirometer. Group A received treatment with Digital Incentive Spirometer. Group B received Digital Incentive Spirometer training and also inspiratory Muscle training (IMT), Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises. 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks were given to each patient. The two groups were reassessed after 3 weeks of treatment. Follow up was taken 4 weeks after completion of treatment. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 21. Results: There was a statistically significant change within both groups in the VC, FVC, PEF, SPO2 and FEV1 and FEV1/FVC with p- value of < 0.05. Both were effective but using inspiratory Muscle training along with Digital incentive Spirometer training technique showed more improvement. Conclusion: Resistive Diaphragmatic breathing exercises found better than the simple spirometer training for improving the pulmonary functions. Resistance through Thera bands at the sternal and costal level have found the better results. Resistive Diaphragmatic breathing have better results in VC and FVC, FEV. These techniques if incorporated in early rehabilitation protocol of stroke patient helps in early discharge. Key words: Stroke, Inspiratory Muscle training, Spirometer training, diaphragmatic breathing
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