The point of attachment in the hypercrosslinking of benzene using formaldehyde dimethyl acetal as the crosslinker, anhydrous ferric chloride as the catalyst, and 1,2 dichloroethane as the solvent for the synthesis of poly-benz is reported. A fast microwave-assisted synthesis, within a reaction time of 60 min, resulted in the formation of nanoporous poly-benz having a specific surface area of 1168 m 2 g −1 . A thorough analysis of poly-benz using 13 C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray photoelectron spectra has revealed the hypercrosslinking at the meta position of the benzene ring. The synthesized poly-benz further shows a high CO 2 capture capacity of 65.3 wt % at 298 K and 30 bar. Various adsorption isotherm models have been fitted at different temperatures up to 30 bar to represent the equilibrium CO 2 adsorption data.
The efficient removal of uranium ions from aqueous and simulated seawater is reported by using a mixed matrix membrane (MMM-2) fabricated by cyclophosphazene and triazine-based inorganic−organic hybrid material (CTHM-2) as the adsorbent. CTHM-2 with a specific surface area of 76 m 2 g −1 was synthesized within 60 min by microwave-assisted polycondensation reaction. In batch mode adsorption, the concentration of uranium has been decreased from 5 ppm to <15 ppb (permissible limit of uranium by the World Health Organization) within 120 min at pH of 6 and 298 K. However, a maximum adsorption capacity of 580 mg g −1 is estimated with 500 ppm of the initial concentration. The isotherm and kinetic studies indicate that it could fit well with the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics. The negative ΔG and ΔH values indicate the spontaneous and exothermic adsorption processes, respectively. When the MMM-2 was used to treat 5 L of 5 ppm U(VI) solution, with a water flux of 8.1 L m −2 h −1 and 2 bar transmembrane pressure, it provides safe drinkable water (<15 ppb) for 300 min. Additionally, the CTHM-2 and MMM-2 could be further used to remove uranium ions from the simulated seawater with adsorption capacities of 53 and 167 mg g −1 , respectively.
Transition-metal-substituted manganese ferrites, Mn 0.95 M 0.05 Fe 2 O 4 (M: Co, Cu, and Zn), synthesized by the combustion method exhibit a single-phase cubic spinel structure. A maximum specific surface area (SA BET ) of 125 m 2 g −1 and a controlled pore size distribution (1.0 and 3.6 nm) and pore volume (0.17 cm 3 g −1 ) were estimated for Mn 0.95 Zn 0.05 Fe 2 O 4 . All of these ferrites are used as active electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitor applications. The best specific capacitance (C sp ) and areal capacitance (C ar ) in nonaqueous electrolytes, i.e., 0.1 M lithium perchlorate/propylene carbonate (LiClO 4 /PC), were estimated for Mn 0.95 Zn 0.05 Fe 2 O 4 . Further, in order to understand the effect of redox additive electrolytes, the C sp and C ar for Mn 0.95 Zn 0.05 Fe 2 O 4 were measured in 0.1 M lithium perchlorate/propylene carbonate/tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate/ potassium iodide (LiClO 4 /PC/TEA-BF 4 /KI) along with non-redox-active electrolytes (LiClO 4 /PC). The electrodes were fabricated using Mn 0.95 Zn 0.05 Fe 2 O 4 with optimized mass and exhibited high C sp and C ar of 829 F g −1 and 1277 mF cm −2 , respectively, in a redox-active electrolyte as compared to lower values of 452 F g −1 and 696 mF cm −2 , respectively, at 1 mV s −1 , in a non-redox-active electrolyte. A symmetric pouch cell supercapacitor device (SPCSDR) fabricated using Mn 0.95 Zn 0.05 Fe 2 O 4 with a redox-active electrolyte (LiClO 4 /PC/TEA-BF 4 /KI) provides high energy (E) and power (P) densities of 77.5 W h kg −1 and 900 W kg −1 , respectively, at 0.5 A g −1 . The SPCSDR has demonstrated stability up to 8000 charge−discharge cycles with an initial C sp retention of ∼80% and high Coulombic efficiencies of ∼97−100%, at 2 A g −1 .
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