Canis lupus familaris (Dog); a companion animal or even considered man’s best friend is believed to have been living in harmony with humans since thousands of years. Recent discovery in Chauvet cave in France: foot print of 8-year-old boy alongside the paw print is believed to have been dated back to Paleolithic period. Reports even suggest that pet owners are less prone to high cholesterol and high blood pressure than the non-pet owners. However, dogs are also the major reservoir of various zoonotic infections. Several bacterial, viral or protozoal diseases that occur in human are transmitted from the dogs. Such diseases are known as zoonotic diseases. These diseases can be transmitted by simple contact with the infected dogs or by infected urine or feces, saliva or aerosols. Viral infections such as rabies and noro virus, bacterial infection such as pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, leptospirosis and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and protozoal infections like ancylostomiasis, toxocariasis and Dipylidium caninum infection are the most common zoonotic infections. This paper focuses on these diseases including information on signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and prevention of these diseases. As much as these infections are concerned, knowledge boosting of the pet owners regarding zoonotic disease along with proper hygiene and good sanitation practices could considerably decline the rate of zoonoses transmission and consequences.
TThe fossil fuel has been the dominant power source of the transportation all over the world in the past centuries. With the development of electric powertrain technology and growing concern over the detrimental effects of fossil fuel like greenhouse gas emission, the transport sector is transforming to electric globally. The Government of Nepal has also announced different policy measures as well as national plans to adapt to this growing trend of electric vehicle (EV) adoption. Since EVs are considered to have higher capital cost compared to the internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), the operational cost differs significantly due to the different maintenance cost, electricity prices and separate tax policies. In this study, a model to calculate the total ownership cost of EVs and their ICEV counterparts is developed. The different parameters like purchase price, annual kilometer travel (AKT), annual tax and insurances, fuel and electricity prices, annual maintenance cost etc. are used to estimate the total cost of ownership per km (TCO/km) for the two wheeler EVs and ICEVs (E2W, ICE2W) and four wheeler EVs and ICEVs (E4W, ICE4W) along with different policies imposed by the government for such vehicles in two different scenario (i.e., before and after finance act 2020/2021). The sensitivity analysis of input parameters and the breakeven distance that makes EVs economical than ICEVs is also calculated.
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