In this paper, the researchers presented the process control analysis of a Poultry Wastewater (PWW) treatment plant that was designed to comply with the Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations, 2009. In this pilot case study, the researchers highlighted the fact that owing to the existing global environmental challenges, a Six Sigma approach needs to be used for developing a new technique that helps in optimising process capability and assesses the treatment reliability. This would allow the effective treatment of different pollutants like pH, BOD 5 , TSS, COD, O&G and NH 3 -N before their discharge into the environment. The researchers used several quality control process tools like the I-MR control charts, treatment process capability analysis and treatment reliability assessment in the study. After analysing the data, the researchers concluded that the plant could effectively treat NH 3 -N, as well as fairly decrease the pH, BOD 5 , and COD values, whereas it displayed low ability in treating TSS and O&G within the research period. The researchers noted that the process showed low reliability in the treatment of TSS and O&G, i.e., 88.6% and 29.8% respectively, led to the discharge of fine colloids in the effluent. This was attributed to problematic processes in the PWW treatment procedure, such as malfunction of the DAF unit process, ineffective physical-chemical treatment, and tertiary filtration breakdown. The researchers concluded that this PWW plant required additional control and design improvement so that it released a low concentration of toxic compounds in the effluent discharge, and complied with the standards. This research could be used as a reference for additional studies that aimed to improve the quality of the wastewater treatment processes.
This paper presents the promising method of synchronizing the Six-Sigma and reliability analyses at fifteen sewage treatment plants (STPs) operating in Melaka, Malaysia. Five different suspended growth treatment technologies in various capacities were investigated. The sequential batch reactor (SBR) and extended aeration activated sludge (EAAS) processes, conventional activated sludge (CAS), aerated lagoon (AL), and oxidation pond (OP) were compared using innovative Niku's treatment reliability and Six Sigma process capability method for BOD5, COD, TSS, O&G, and NH3-N effluent parameters and justified the importance of understanding the lognormal behavior of the effluent parameters in interpreting the performance monitoring results and discharge compliance. The results showed that the SBR and EAAS systems relatively fulfilled the highest performance (>95%) compared to conventional systems to ensure the high quality of effluent discharge. Although the whole system is incapable of removing nutrients efficiently, ranging between 42.31% and 90.48%, may lead to eutrophication issues. Process modification and treatment control should become a critical priority in order to reduce variability, improve stability, and increase the efficiency of nutrient removal. These initiatives promote global SDGs 2030 and the domestic WST 2040 by treatment cost reduction, improving environmental sustainability and guaranteeing social and health benefits.
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